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Unit 4
Weather, Soil, Erosion & Deposition, Hydropshere
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Weathering? | breaking down of rocks & other materials on Earth's surface into smaller materials |
| Describe Mechanical Weathering. | the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces w/o changing the chemical composition |
| Describe Chemical Weathering | rocks broken down due to chemical change |
| List & Describe 5 types of Mechanical Weathering | Temp- heat = expansion; cold = contraction Frost Action - water freezes & expands in cracks Organic Activity - activity of plants & animals Gravity - pulls rocks down mountainsides in landslides Abrasion - water, wind, or other forces |
| List & Describe 5 types of Chemical Weathering | Water - dissolves minerals & forms acids Oxidation - oxygen chem combines w/ other elements (rusting) Carbonation - CO2 & H2O make carbonic acid Sulfuric Acid - Sulfur & H2O combine Plant Acids - plants produce weak acids in the soil |
| Differentiate btwn Transported & Residual Soil | Transported - has been moved by wind, water, or glaciers Residual - remains on top of parent rock |
| What are the 2 main ingredients? | weathered rock and organic material |
| Describe the process of soil formation | bedrock w/in thin layer of soil (broken rock) more & more soil builds up. Plants grow plants & animals die & enrich soil eventually, topsoil is very rich in humus |
| What factors determine how soil is varied? | type of rock and weathering |
| List the layers of soil horizon in order & describe | A horizon - top layer, small particles, rich in humus, contains bugs; top soil B horizon - 2nd layer, med sized grains, many minerals have been leached; subsoil C horizon - partially weathered parent rock, large rock, parent rock; bedrock |
| List and Describe the factors that determine the # of layers | Time = more time, more layers Climate = soil forms more quickly in wet areas Type of rock = easily weathered rock forms soil faster Surface features = water moves faster on steep slopes, less weathering occurs |
| Describe the events that led to the 1930's Dust Bowl | -farmers removed the native grasses -overgrazed the crops & didn't upkeep the soil so it was poorly protected -high temps &lack or rain = drought -prevailing winds moved soil w/ no trees to break the winds |
| List & explain the 4 conservation techniques to prevent soil erosion | crop rotation - changes the type of crop grown contour plowing - plowing over the soil in the shape of the slope strip plowing - farming that alternates strips of diff crops close together biocontrol - use of living organisms to control pests |
| Differentiate btwn erosion and deposition | erosion - when weathered rocks & soil particles are moved from 1 place to another deposition - when sediments are dropped somewhere |
| What are the causes of erosion? | gravity wind running water glaciers waves |
| describe how gravity causes erosion | pulls rocks and soil down slopes |
| Differentiate btwn fast mass wasting and slow mass wasting | fast - landslides (caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, & heavy rain) and mudslides (heavy rain) Slow - Earthflows (follow heavy rains) and Soil Creep (caused by freezing & thawing, animal activity, and water movement) |
| Differ btwn two types of wind erosion | deflation - wind removes loose materials abrasion - blowing rocks cut & polish rocks |
| Describe 2 ways in which soil is eroded by running water | runoff - water that doesn't soak into the ground after rainfall ( rills & gullies) loads - sediments carried by a stream |
| Describe different types of deposits created by running water | oxbow lakes - curved lake formed when deposited sediments block flow of water alluvial fans - wide fan-shaped area of sediment formed when a river comes down from a mountain |
| diff types of deposits cont. | deltas - large sediment deposits at the mouth of a river floodplain - formed on sides of river when river overflows its banks |
| describe the water cycle | (closed cycle) continuous cycle of water through earth's surface and atmosphere |
| describe the parts of the water cycle | condensation - gas to liquid evaporation - liquid to gas infiltration - surface water to ground transpiration - loss of water from plant leaves runoff - water overflows |
| distribution of water found on earth? | surface - 70% oceans - 97% freshwater - 3% frozen - 2% usable - 1% |
| what is an aquifer? | area of rock that contains pore space and holds ground water |
| list the parts of an aquifer from surface to impermeable | zone of aeration, water table, zone of saturation |
| list 6 sources of freshwater | rivers, lakes, groundwater, atmosphere, glaciers, ice bergs |
| why is pore space important for earth's hydrosphere | so the water can seek through to the aquifer and soak into the ground |
| how is groundwater cleaned within and aquifer | the pore space in the aquifer allows the water to naturally filter out |
| how does water move in and out of an aquifer | slowly, depends on pore space |
| what is salinity and how does it affect the density | salinity - how much salt in the water -causes water to increase in density, if it decreases so does the density |
| temp and depth correlation | the deeper you go, the colder it gets |
| density and depth correlation | the deeper you go, the more dense it gets |
| how are waves generates | winds, earthquakes, moon's gravitational pull, energy |
| what are a wave's parts? | crest - top trough - bottom wave period - time it takes for a wave to pass wave frequency - how many waves pass in a second |
| 4 impacts humans have on earth's hydrosphere | overpopulation - stresses water sources urbanization - increases amount of runoff, decreases water infiltrated deforestation - less water released into atmosphere pollution - contaminated water |
| 3 consequences to human impacts | -demand of water increasing -destruction of ecosystems -war - water war already begun |
| solutions to freshwater crisis | - recycle waste water - appropriately price water - stop pollution - improve irrigation systems - population growth control |
Created by:
_xokayleighxo_
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