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Bio 240 Test 1
Vocab terms from test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| taxonomy | The identification and classification of organisms following the rules of nomenclature |
| phylogeny | The study of the evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| systematics | The study of phylogeny – the study of biodiversity in an evolutionary context |
| binomial | Each species has a two-part name |
| genus (genera) | The first part of the name of a species |
| specific epithet | The second part of the name of the species. |
| taxon (taxa) | The named taxonomic unit at any level is called |
| microevolution | is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| macroevolution | the origin of new taxonomic groups (new species, new genera, new families, new kingdoms) |
| homology | similarity in characters resulting from common ancestry |
| analogy | similarity in characters resulting from convergent evolution |
| cladogram | phylogenetic diagram or _____ is constructed from a series of dichotomies |
| clade | Each branch or clade can be nested within larger clades. A clade consists of an ancestral species and all its descendents. |
| monophyletic | A taxon that includes the ancestor and all of its descendents. |
| paraphyletic | A taxon that includes the ancestor and some but not all of its descendents. |
| polyphyletic | A taxon that includes species derived from more than one recent ancestor. |
| apomorphic | a derived character |
| pleisiomorphic | a primitive character |
| heterotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them. |
| autotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |
| convergent evolution | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. |
| derived character | an advanced quality that appears only in some members of a particular group. An example of derived character in animals is the loss of tails, which is said to have happed to man and greater apes. |
| parsimony | Refers to a rule used to choose among possible cladograms, which states that the cladogram implying the least number of changes in character states is the best. |
| speciation | is the keystone process in the origination of diversity of higher taxa. |
| anagenesis | is the accumulation of changes associated with the transformation of one species into another. |
| cladogenesis | branching evolution, is the budding of one or more new species from a parent species |
| morphological species | Characterized by distinct combinations of morphological, anatomical and physiological features. |
| biological species | A species is a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species. |
| evolutionary species | Those individuals that share a recent common ancestor belong to the same species. |
| reproductive isolation | It can occur before mating, between mating and fertilization, or after fertilization. |
| prezygotic barriers | It can impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of ova if members of different species attempt to mate. |
| postzygotic barriers | prevents the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult. |
| allopatric speciation | geographic separation of populations restricts gene flow. |
| sympatric speciation | speciation occurs in geographically overlapping populations when biological new species arise within the range of the parent populations.factors, such as chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating, reduce gene flow. |
| hybrid | the offspring of a mating between two different species |
| adaptive radiation | The evolution of many diversely- adapted species from a common ancestor |
| autopolyploidy | where one species doubles its chromosome number and forms a potentially new species. |
| allopolyploidy | mechanism of producing polyploid individuals occurs when individuals are produced by the matings of two different species |
| aerobic respiration | A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (021 and organic mole- cules, producing AIP . This is the most effi- cient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. |
| anaerobic | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. |
| gradualism | Assume that big changes occur as the accumulation of many small ones |
| punctuated equilibrium | The tempo of speciation is not constant. |
| exaptation | Structures that evolve in one context, but become co-opted for another function |
| heterochrony | An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events |
| allometric growth | Tracks how proportions of structures change due to different growth rates during development |
| paedomorphosis | If the rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to somatic development, then a sexually mature stage can retain juvenile structures |
| continental drift | The continents drift about Earth’s surface on plates of crust floating on the hot mantle. |
| extinction | A species may become extinct because:– its habitat has been destroyed,– its environment has changed in an unfavorable direction– evolutionary changes by some other species in its community may impact our target species for the worse. |
| prokaryote | Cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.(bacteria and archaea) |
| eukaryote | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) |
| stromatolites | Rich sources for early prokaryote fossils are___ (fossilized layered microbial mats) |
| spontaneous generation | The idea that life could arise from nonliving matter |
| biogenesis | The idea that life today arises only by the reproduction of preexisting life |
| protobiont | A collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure. |
| proteinoid | Sidney Fox made small polypeptides by dripping amino acids onto hot sand |
| liposome | Droplets of abiotically produced organic compounds |
| ribozymes | An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, catalyzing reactions during RNA splicing. |
| chemoheterotroph | consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon – ‘ate’ ATP formed abiotically in the organic soup. |
| autogenic origin | Modification of the plasma membrane into specialized structures |
| endosymbiotic origin | This model supports the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and perhaps other eukaryotic features. |
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Awesomesauce182
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