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CH.13

Vocab

TermDefinition
air-mass thunderstorm type of thunderstorm in which air rises because of unequal heating of Earth's surface within a single air mass and is most common during the afternoon and evening.
mountain thunderstorm occurs when an air mass rises from orographic lifting, which involves air moving up the side of a mountain.
sea-breeze thunderstorm local air-mass thunderstorm that commonly occurs along a coastal area because land and water store and release thermal energy differently.
frontal thunderstorm type of thunderstorm usually produces by an advancing cold front, which can result in a line of thunderstorms hundreds of kilometers long, or, more rarely, an advancing warm front, which can result in a relatively mild thunderstorm.
stepped leader The channel of partially charged air; the breakdown in charges in between positive and negative regions.
return stroke a branch channel of positively charged ions that rushes upward from the ground to meet the stepped leader.
supercell extremely powerful, self-sustaining thunderstorm characterized by intense, rotating updrafts.
downburst violent downdrafts that are concentrated in a local area.
tornado violent,whirling column of air in contact with the ground that forms when wind direction and speed suddenly change with height, is often associated with a supercell, and can be extremely damaging.
fujita tornado intensity scale classifies tornadoes according to their wind speed, duration, and path of destruction on a scale ranging form F0 to F5.
tropical cyclone large, low pressure, rotating tropical storm that gets its energy from the evaporation of warm ocean water and the release of heat.
eye calm center of a tropical cyclone that develops when the winds around its center reach at least 120 km/h.
eyewall band where the strongest winds in a hurricane are usually concentrated, surrounding the eye.
Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale classified hurricanes according to wind speed, potential for property damage, and potential for flooding in terms of the effect on the height of sea level on a scale ranging from Category 1 to Category 5.
stormsurge occurs when powerful, hurricane-force winds drive a mound of ocean water toward shore, where it washes over the land, often causing enormous damage.
drought extended period of well-below-average rainfall, usually caused by shifts of global wind patterns, allowing high-pressure systems to remain for weeks or months over continental areas.
heat wave extended period of of above-average temperatures caused by large, high-pressure systems that warm by compression and block cooler air masses.
cold wave extended period of of below-average temperatures caused by large, high-pressure systems of continental polar or arctic origin.
windchill index measures the windchill factor, by estimating the heat loss from human skin caused by a combination of wind and cold air.
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