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Unit 4 Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Current | water moves in streams in the ocean, caused by winds, flows through the process of convection |
| Salinity | amount of dissolved salt in seawater |
| Well | underground area where you can get groundwater |
| Zone of Saturation | area where all pores in the rocks are filled with water |
| Water Table | upper surface of the zone of saturation |
| Discharge | movement of water out of an area of saturated soil |
| Recharge (percolation) | process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater |
| Aquifer | area of rock that lets water move freely |
| Permeable | water can pass easily through spaces in rocks |
| Impermeable | water can't pass through rock spaces |
| Pore Space | empty space btwn grains of rocks where water can seek through |
| Freshwater | makes up 3% of Earth's surface water = 2% frozen, 1% usable |
| Infiltration | process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil |
| Transpiration | loss of water from plant leaves |
| Condensation | conversion from a gas to a liquid |
| Hydrologic Cycle | continuous cycle where water evaporates, travels into the air, & becomes part of a cloud, falls down to Earth as precipitation, and then evaporate again |
| Flood Plain | formed on sides of river when river overflows its banks |
| Delta | large sediment deposits at the mouth of a river |
| Alluvial Fans | wide fan-shaped area of sediment formed when a river comes down from a mountain |
| Oxbow Lakes | curved lake formed when deposited sediments block the flow of the river |
| Load | sediments carried by a stream |
| Gullies | rills that widen and deepen |
| Rills | tiny grooves cut into the ground as it moves downhill |
| Runoff | water that doesn't soak into ground after rainfall |
| Windbreak | decreases erosion and increases deposition (fences & plants) |
| Deflation | wind removes loose materials (clay, silt, sand) |
| Wind Erosion | most active agent of erosion in deserts, plowed fields, and beaches |
| Mass Wasting | process by which rocks & soil are pulled down slopes |
| Deposition | process by which sediments are put in new locations |
| Erosion | process by which weathered rock and soil particles are moved from one place to another |
| Biocontrol | using live organisms to control unwanted pests. Prevents use of pesticide |
| Strip Plowing | method used to prevent erosion by planting different crops together |
| Contour Plowing | occurs when soil is plowed in curved bands that follow the shape of land; prevents erosion |
| Crop Rotation | process of changing type of crop planted in an area. Helps prevent soil depletion |
| Weathering | the breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface into smaller pieces |
| Mechanical Weathering | the process of breaking down rocks into smaller pieces w/o changing the chemical composition |
| Chemical Weathering | rocks broken down due to chemical change |
| Frost Action | water gets into cracks in rocks, water freezes & expands, causes rocks to crumble |
| Organic Activity | caused by the activity of plants and animals |
| Abrasion | water, wind, or other forces wear away particles |
| Gravity | pulls rocks down mountains in landslides; rocks break as they collide |
| Temperature | First rocks heat up (expand), then cool down (contract); over time this causes rocks to crack |
| Water | dissolves minerals and forms acid that breaks down rocks |
| Oxidation | oxygen chemically combines w/ other elements (rusting); forms new substance |
| Carbonation | CO2 and H2O make carbonic acid which dissolves some material |
| Sulfuric Acid | Sulfur and H2O combine, quickly eats away rocks and minerals |
| Plant Acids | plants produce weak acids in the soil that dissolves minerals |
| Residual Soil | remains on top of parent soil, composition similar to parent rock |
| Transported Soil | has been moved by wind, water, or glaciers; has different composition than the rock it covers |
| Bedrock | layer of rock beneath the soil |
| Humus | soil rich in decaying organic matter |
| Soil Horizon | layers of soil |
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