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Era (Recent-Oldest)
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Cenozoic (Periods and common name)
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Geology 132 Exam 1

TermInformation
Era (Recent-Oldest) Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian
Cenozoic (Periods and common name) Quaternary Tertiary (66MY) "Recent Life" - Mammals
Mesozoic (Periods and common name) Cretaceous Jurassic Triassic (245MY) "Middle Life" - Reptiles
Paleozoic (Periods and common name) Permian Pennsylvanian Mississippian Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian (570MY) "Ancient Life" - Invertabrates
Precambrian 4.6BY
Paleontology The study of fossils
Fossil Naturally preserved remains or traces of organisms which have lived in the geologic past. Usually found in sedimentary rocks. Indicators of environmental conditions. They enable us to study evolutionary trends. We also can make age determinations.
Requirements for Fossilization (3) 1. Possession of hard parts 2. Escape from immediate destruction 3. Rapid burial in a medium capable of retarding decomposition
Fossil Evidence(3) Unaltered soft parts Unaltered hard parts Altered hard parts
Typed of altered hard parts (3) Carbonization Permineralization Replacement
Indirect Evidence (5) Trace Fossils Molds and Casts Tracks and Trails Burrows and Borings Coprolites Gastroliths
Pseudofossils (4) Concretions (Concentrations of cement) Septarian Nodules (Turtle-backs) Cone-in-cone Dendrites (Tree-like patterns)
Characterizations of Index Fossils (4) Easy Identified Abundant Have a wide geographic distribution Have a limited geologic time range
Classification System - Order (7) Kingdom (King) Phylum (Philip) Class (Came) Order (Over) Family (For) Genus (Green) Species (Soup)
Habitats of Marine Life (3) Littoral (Wetting/Drying, Wave activity) Neritic (Good Sunlight/Food) Marine (Cold and Great pressure)
Mode of Life (3) Planktonic (Floaters) Nektonic (Swimmers) Benthonic (Bottom Dwellers) - Sessile (attached) - Vagrant (free moving)
Feeding Habits (4) Herbivores Carnivores Filter-feeders Mud-feeders
Phylum Protozoa (Single-Celled)(Classification) Order Foraminifera - Genus Fusulina - Genus Nummulites Order Radiolaria
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)(Classification) Genus Receptaculites*
Phylum Cnidaria (Corals)(Classification) Class Anthozoa - Order Rugosa (Tetracorals) - Order Scleractinia (Hexacorals) - Order Tabulata - Genus Favosites - Genus Halysites - Genus Syringopora
Phylum Bryozoa (Lacy, Branching, Encrusting Moss Animal)(Classification) Genus Archimedes*
Phylum Brachiopoda (bivalve w/bilateral symmetry perpendicular to the hinge line)(Classification) Class Inarticulata - Genus Lingula Class Articulata
Phylum Mollusca (bivalve class)(Classification) Class Pelecypoda - Genus Arca - Genus Ostrea - Genus Pecten - Genus Unio - Genus Venus (mercenaria)
Phylum Mollusca (snails class)(Classification) Class Gastropoda - Genus Busycon - Genus Trepospira - Genus Worthenia
Phylum Mollusca (pearly nautilus and others class)(Classification) Class Cephalopoda - Subclass Nautiloidea - Genus Orthoceras - Genus Nautilus - Subclass Ammonoidea - Genus Goniatites - Genus Ceratitis - Genus Ammonites - Subclass Coleoidea - Genus Belemnites
Phylum Arthropoda (over 80% of all living animal species)(Classification) Class Trilobita Class Crustacea - Order Ostracoda - Order Cirripedia (barnacles)
Phylum Echinodermata (spiny and calcareous plated animals)(Classification) Class Blastoidea - Genus Pentremites* Class Crinidea Class Asteroidea (starfish) Class Echinoidea (sea
Phylum Hemichordata(Classification) Class Graptolithina
Index Fossils (Genus and Age of Significance) Genus Receptaculites - Ordovician Genus Archimedes - Mississippian Genus Pentremites - Mississippian
Phylum Protozoa (Traits) single-celled organisms test are very small fusulinids are wheat shaped Marine Benthonic/Planktonic Paleozoic
Phylum Porifera (Traits) sponges Neritic Benthonic Paleozoic
Phylum Cnidarians (Traits) Neritic Benthonic Tetracorals/Tabulata (Paleozoic) Hexacorals (Mesozoic/Cenozoic)
Phylum Bryozoans (Traits) Look for zooecium (cup-like cavity) Body Types - Encrusting - Nodular - Lacy - Branching/twig Neritic Benthonic Paleozoic
Phylum Brachiopoda (Traits) Inarticulata: - Lingula is the only one alive today - environmental indicator Articulata: - Bilateral symmetry perpendicular - Valves, fold, sulcus - Both valves preserved Neritic Benthonic Paleozoic
Phylum Mollusca (Traits) bilateral symmetry parallel
Phylum Mollusca - Pelecypoda (Traits) "hatchet foot" Both valves not preserved Muscle scars, pallial line, pallial sinus Neritic Benthonic Cretaceous/Mesozoic
Phylum Mollusca - Gastropoda (Traits) "stomach foot" usually curls up and lives in chamber Neritic Benthonic Cretaceous/Mesozoic
Phylum Mollusca - Cephalopoda (Traits) "head foot" usually coils in most recent chamber Siphuncle allows gas exchange b/w chambers 4 types of suture patterns
Phylum Mollusca - Cephalopoda - Subclasses (Traits) Subclass Nautiloidea - nautilitic sutures~ Subclass Ammonoidea - goniatitic sutures (Silurian-Permian)~~ - ceratitic sutures (Permian-Triassic)~^~ - ammonitic sutures (Triassic-Cretaceous)~*~ Subclass Coleoidea - Genus Belemnites=cigar fossil
Phylum Arthropoda (Traits) "joint foot" Class Trilobita - body is partitioned in three lobes and three segments Marine/Neritic Benthonic Trilobites - Paleozoic Cretaceous - Ordovician-Precambrian
Phylum Echinodermata (Traits) "spiny skin" Attached (Marine, Benthonic, Paleozoic) - Class Blastoidea - Class Crinoidea Unattached (Marine, Benthonic, Mesozoic/Cenozoic) - Class Asteroidea - Class Echinoidea
Phylum Hemichordata (Traits) looks like pencil markings carbonization Marine Planktonic Paleozoic
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