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MICRO 2 TEST ch 3
MICRO 2 TEST
| Macronutrients | required in large amounts |
| Micronutrients | required in small amounts. Also called trace elements. |
| Growth Factors | Organic compounds. Required in small amount by certain organisms. Can't be synthesized by certain organisms and thus must be supplied with these compounds: Vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimides. |
| Classes of Cultured media | 1.Defined/Complex 2.Selective 3.Differential |
| Defined media | EXACT chemical composition |
| Complex media | EASY to use |
| Selective media | selectively inhibit/foster growth. Gram negative- can grow. Gram positive- cant grow. |
| Differential media | indicator dye to distinguish spp. Whether or not may ferment glucose. |
| Growth in Microbiology | An increase in the number of the cells. |
| Binary Fission | One cell divides into two cells |
| Generation Time | Time required to generate two daughter cells from one parent cell |
| FtsZ | Special protein. stands for Filamentous temperature sensitive. Cell septum formation. FtsZ ring attracts a DIVISOME (cell division apparatus) to form a cell septum formation. Located at the center. |
| MreB | stands for morphology of rod-shaped bacteria. Cell cytoskeleton formation. Forms spiral shaped bacteria around the inside of the cell, underneath the cytoplasmic membrane. Not found in coccus shaped bacteria. |
| Autolysis | At peptidoglycan synthesis zone. Split their body by itself. |
| Lysozyme | (Clevage of beta 1.4 glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycan). Form along with FtsZ ring (wall band formation). |
| Bactoprenol | lipid carrier molecule that plays major role in insertion of peptidoglycan precursors. |
| Glycolases | enzyme that interacts with bactoprenol. 1.to insert cell wall precursors into growing points of cell wall and 2)to catalyze glycosidic bond formation |
| Growth of Bacterial population | 1 cell yields 2 cells yields 4 cells yields 8 cells... |
| Growth curve | In laboratory studies, populations typically display a predictable pattern over time. |
| Stages in the normal growth curve | 1.Lag 2.Exponential (log) 3.Stationary 4.Death |
| Lag Phase | "flat" period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth |
| Exponential phase/Log phase | a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment. |
| Stationary Phase | rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death by depleted nutrients and O2 =, excretion of organic acids and pollutants |
| Death Phase | as limiting factors intensity, cells die exponentially. |
| Continuous Culture | 1. Constant addition of fresh medium 2. Constant subtraction of spent culture. Mintain same rate of 1.cell volume 2. cell number 3. nutrient status =Steady state |
| Direct count (total cell count) | Microscope, coulter counter, Flow ctyometer. Microscope-count cell numbers on the grid. Coulter Counter- Automated cell counting. Flow Cytometer- Size, Granularity (shape), Antibody with flourescense. |
| Visable cell counting (plate count) | Spread-plate method, Pour plate method,serial dilution before plating.Dilution- plate able but non counting. Count Culturable living cell only. *Presence of VBNC(Virable but non culturable) |
| Indirect Count | Spectrophotometer (Optical Density or O.D). Quick and easy. non-destructive. Test tube/cuvette |
| Mesophite | Normal Temperature |
| Peyenrophillic Adaptation | Enzymes- less rigidy (more alpha helices, less beta sheet), more polar, less hydrophillic amino acids, less weak bonds, decreased interaction between domains. Lipids- Unsaturated and polysaturated fatty acids. |
| Thermophillic Adaptation | Enzymes- Mutation of a few key amino acids to give stability. Changes in folding pattern. Lipids- Saturated fatty acids. Archaea has lipid monolayer(*lipid bilayer). Solutes- Increase stablity of Macromolecules. DNA- Positively supercolied Archaeal DNA. |
| Other Factors & Microbial Growth | 1. pH levels 2. Osmotic pressure (salinity) 3. Oxygen Concentration |
| pH level | Most culture media come with a "buffer". Some acidophiles and alkaliphiles maintain a neutral pH inside their cells. DNA: acid-labile. RNA: alkaline labile. |
| Salinity (Osmotic pressure) | Compatible solutes, Osmophile, Xerophile |
| Compatible Solutes | Used to adjust inside cell salt concentration |
| Osmophile | Live in high sugar concentration |
| Xerophile | Live in dry environment |
| Obligate | means strict |
| Oxygen as a blessing | a blessing and a curse. When used as a terminal electron acceptor, oxygen can generate alot of energy. |
| Oxygen as a curse | Oxygen can also rip off electrons of macromolecules in the cell and cause damage. *antioxidants |
| Products of Oxygen | superoxide (O2), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), Hydroxyl radical (H2O+OH-), Water (H2O) |
| Sepsis | refers to microbial contamination |
| Asepsis | is the absence of significant conatmination |
| Sterilization | Removal of all microbial life |
| Commercial Sterilization | Killing C, botulinum endospores |
| Disinfection | Removal of pathogens |
| Antisepsis | Removal of pathogens from living tissues |
| Sanitization | Lower microbial counts on eating utensils |
| Bactericidal/Germicidal | Kill microbes directly |
| Bacteriostatic | prevent microbes from growing |
| Chemotherapy | The use of drugs to treat a disease |
| Antibiotic | Substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe. |
| Selective toxicity | A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host |
| Broad Spectrum | affect broad range of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. |
| Effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment depends on: | Number of microbes, Environment(organic matter, temperature, biofilms, Time of exposure, Microbial Characteristics. |
Created by:
KierstenNDavis
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