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Biology
Chapter 4-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissues are made up of what? | Cells that are similar in structure and function |
| What are the main types of tissues? | Connective Muscular nervous epithelial |
| Connective tissue | Binds and supports parts of the body. |
| what is non-cellular and ranges from solid to liquid | Ground substance |
| what makes up the matrix of the tissue? | Ground substance and protein fibers |
| what are the types of connective tissue? | Fibrous supportive fluid |
| what are the two types of fibrous connective tissues? | Loose Dense |
| What are the two types of connective tissues? | cartilage bone |
| What are the two types of fluid connective tissue? | Blood lymph |
| what contains fibroblast cells with a matrix of collagen and elastic fibers? | Fibrous connective tissue |
| Loose fibrous tissue is found supporting what? | Epithelium and internal organs |
| A special loose fibrous tissue where fat is stored | Adipose tissue |
| Elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and fibroblasts are in what tissue? | fibrous |
| Cells are in chambers called what? | Lacunae |
| What is solid but flexible? | Matrix |
| What are the three types of cartilage? | Hyaline elastic fibrocartilage |
| Fine collagen fibers: Located in the nose, ends of long bones, and fetal skeleton | Hyaline cartilage |
| More elastic fibers than cartilage fibers: found in outer ear | elastic fibers |
| Strong collagen fibers: located in the disks between vertebrae | Fibrocartilage |
| The matrix is made out of what? | Collagen and Calcium salts |
| What are the types of bone? | Compact and Spongy |
| Made of repeating circular units called osteons which contains the hard matrix and living cells and blood vessels | Compact bone |
| Where is compact bone located on the body? | Shafts of long bone |
| An open, latticework with irregular spaces | Spongy bone |
| Where is spongy bone located on the body? | Ends of long bones |
| What is made up of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components that are called formed elements | blood |
| What are three formed elements in the body? | Red blood cells white blood cells platelets |
| Cells that carry oxygen | Red blood cells |
| Cells that fight infection | White blood cells |
| Pieces of cells that can clot blood | Platelets |
| White blood cells congregate in this tissue | Lymph |
| What tissue allows for movement in the body? | Muscle tissue |
| Muscle tissue is made of muscle fibers/cells and protein fibers called what? | Actin and Myosin |
| What are the types of muscle tissue in humans? | skeletal Smooth Cardiac |
| What is the most common protein in the body? | Collagen |
| release histamine which helps us rejuvenate | Mast cell |
| A bone cell | Osteocyte |
| Unit of structure of a bone | Osteon |
| What does skeletal muscle look like? | Long, cylindrical cells, multiple nuclei, striated fibers |
| True or False: Skeletal Tissue is involuntary movement | False |
| Where is skeletal muscle located? | Attached to bone |
| What does smooth muscle tissue look like | Spindle shaped, one nucleus, lacks striations |
| True or False: Smooth muscle is involuntary movement | True |
| where is smooth muscle located? | Walls of hollow organs and vessels |
| Chondrocytes are associated with what | Cartilage |
| _____ and _____ heal slowly | Joints and ligaments |
| Group of cells that form a tight, continuous network | epithelial tissue |
| where is epithelial tissue located around the body? | Lines body cavities, in glands |
| Cells are anchored by a ______ ______ on one side and free on the other side. | Basement membrane |
| How do we name epithelial tissue? | By the number of cell layers |
| pseudo-stratified | Appears to have multiple layers, but only has 1 |
| Stratified | More than 1 layer |
| Simple tissue | 1 layer |
| What are the three shapes of cells? | cuboidal columnar squamous |
| Cube shaped cell: Found in places like the cheek | Cuboidal |
| Found in the lining of the intestine; column shaped | columnar |
| Found in places like the intestinal tract; flattened tissue | Squamous |
| What cell produces mucus? | Goblet cells |
| Includes the hair, skin, nails, and glands | integumentary |
| What part of the body regulates temperature, protects body, allows us to be aware of our surroundings, and synthesizes chemicals like melanin and vitamin D? | Integumentary (Skin) |
| What are the two different regions of skin? | Dermis epidermis |
| Which region of the skin holds the different organs and is made up of dense fibrous connective tissue, elastic and collagen fibers | dermis |
| Allows for communication between cells through sensory input, integration of data and motor output | Nervous tissue |
| Two major cell types of nervous tissue | Neurons Neuroglia |
| Dendrites | Carry information towards the cell body |
| Axons | Carry information away from the cell body |
| A collection of cells that support and nourish neurons | Neuroglia |
| Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia are examples of what? | Neuroglia cells |
| the thin outermost layer | epidermis |
| the epidermis is made up of what? | epithelial tissue |
| Type of white blood cells that help fight pathogens | Langerhans cells |
| Produce melanin that lend to skin color and protection for UV lights | Melanocytes |
| some cells convert cholesterol to ______ | Vitamin D |
| Basal cell Carcinoma | Most common yet least deadly skin cancer |
| Melanoma | Most deadly form of skin cancer but least common |
| ___ ____ are associated with hair and produce sebum that lubricated hair and skin as well as slows bacterial growth | oil glands |
| ___ ___ are derived from the dermis and help to regulate body temperature | Sweat glands |
| A combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function | Organ system |
| what are the two body cavities | Dorsal ventral |
| The dorsal cavity holds the _____ _____. | Spinal Cord |
| The ventral cavity holds the ________,_______, and the _______ cavity. | Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic |
| Lines the lungs, heart, abdominal cavity and cover the internal organs. | Serous membrane |
| lines cavities of the freely moveable joints | Synovial membrane |
| cover the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
| homeostasis | The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment in the body |
| _______ and ______ systems are key in maintaining homeostasis | Nervous, endocrine |
| what is the main mechanism for maintaining homeostasis? | Negative feedback |
| What is an example of negative feedback? | Body temperature like a fever |
| a mechanism for increasing the change of the internal environment in one direction | Positive feedback |
| Thin collagen fibers that are highly branched | Reticular fibers |
| Neuron | specialized cell that has three parts: dendrite, cell body and axon |
| includes the heart and blood vessels | Cardiovascular system |
| what does the cardiovascular system do? | Brings nutrients to cells and helps get rid of waste |
| _____ is refreshed in the lungs, kidneys, intestine, and liver | Blood |
| _____ ______ help this system by collecting excess fluid surrounding tissues and return it to the cardiovascular system | Lymphatic vessels |
| What are the 4 functions of the cardiovascular system? | generate blood pressure, transport blood, exchange of nutrients and waste, regulate blood flow |
| What is the main pathway of blood in the body? | Heart-arteries-arterioles-capillaries-veins-venules-veins-heart |
| Arteries ad arterioles carry blood _____ the heart | away from |
| arteries and arterioles have 3 layers in their walls. What are they? | Thin inner epithelium, thick smooth muscle layer, outer connective tissue. |
| _____ are small arteries that regulate blood pressure | Arterioles |
| Microscopic vessels between arterioles and venules? | Capillaries |
| Capillaries are made up of _____ layer(s) of epithelial tissues | one |
| Small veins that receive blood from capillaries | Venules |
| Veins carry blood ______ the heart | toward |
| The heart consists of chambers: 2 ______ AND 2 _______. | atria and ventricles |
| The 2 sets of valves in the heart are called? | Semilunar valves and atrioventricular |
| the atrioventricular valve, by the right atrium, is also known as? | Tricuspid valve |
| The atrioventricular valve, by the left atrium is also called? | Bicuspid valve |
| Is the right or left ventricle more muscular? | Left ventricle, because it pumps blood to entire body |
| _____ are more muscular than veins to withstand the higher pressure exerted on them | arteries |
| During ______ the atria contract together followed by the ventricles contracting together | Systole |
| A rest phase for the heart, when the chambers relax | diastole |
| whats the average heart beat? | 70 bpm |
| What does ecg stand for? | electrocardiogram |
| What is and ecg? | Record of the electrical changes in the heart muscles during a cardiac cycle |
| The recovery of the ventricles is called _______. | T-wave |
| what is the average blood pressure? | 120/80 |
| What is blood pressure controlled by? | Arterioles |
| What helps blood flow through the veins | 1. skeletal muscle contraction 2. Breathing 3. valves |
| What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body? | Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit |
| The right side of the heart that brings blood from the body to the heart and lungs. | Pulmonary circuit |
| The left side of the heart that brings blood to the entire body to deliver nutrients and rid the body of wastes. | Systemic circut |
| What is the hepatic portal system? | A system that brings blood from the digestive tract rich in amino acids and glucose to the liver. |
| The _______ synthesizes proteins and stores glycogen and glucose, and also purifies the blood in the digestive tract. | liver |
| ______ _______ beds lie alongside capillary beds | Lymphatic capillary |
| ______ ______ ______ results when blood moves through vessels at a rate higher than normal often due to arterial plaque | High blood pressure |
| A build up of plaque in blood vessels | Atherosclerosis |
| plaque is called a _______ when it's stationary but a _______ when it detaches and move | Thrombus; embolus |
| Also known as a cerebrovascular accident and usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or burst | Stroke |
| Part of the heart dies because of this? | Heart attack (Myocardial infarction) |
| angina pectoris | Pain that radiates down the left arm due to a blockage of a coronary artery |
| Aneurism | a ballooning of a blood vessel |
| What can cause an aneurism? | Atherosclerosis and hypertension |
| What is the most commonly affected arteries from an aneurism? | Abdominal artery and arteries leading to brain |
| What are the functions of blood? | Transportation, defense, and regulatory functions |
| Blood is a _______ ______ tissue | fluid connective |
| What is the composition of blood? | Plasma; blood cells |
| what is the most abundant molecules in blood? | Plasma |
| what are three major types of plasma proteins? | Albumins; globulins; fibrinogen |
| Fibrinogen is helpful in what? | Forming blood clots |
| Albumin is most abundant and important for what? | Plasma's osmotic pressure as well as transportation |
| Globulins are important for what? | transportation |
| stem cells for the white blood cells? | 1. lymphoblasts 2. monoblasts 3. myeloblasts |
| What stem cell makes red blood cell? | erythrocyte |
| What stem cell makes platelets | megakaryoblasts |
| myeloblasts create three other cells? | 1. Neutrophil 2. Basophil 3. Eosinophil |
| eosinophil, basophil, and neutrophil all have _____. Which lympho and monocytes don have | Granules |
| red blood cells | lack a nucleus, are biconcave shaped, and contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules |
| how is carbon dioxide transported? | 68% bicarbonate ion in the plasma 25% in red blood cells 7% in the plasma |
| What is blood doping? | Any method of increasing the number of red blood cells to increase performance |
| Blood doping can cause death how? | thickening of the blood |
| What are derived from red bone marrow, large blood cells that have a nucleus, and can be found in the blood as well as tissues? | white blood cells |
| white blood cells production is regulated by the ____ ______ ______. | Colony-stimulating factor |
| How are white blood cells categorized? | Granular agranular |
| Granular means? | Contains noticeable granules like basophil |
| what is the most common WBC? | Neutrophils |
| Neutrophils contain a _____-_____ ______, and upon infection move out into tissues to use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens | multi-lobed nucleus |
| __________ is a small percentage of WBC's, contains a bilobed nucleus and play roles in allergies | Eosinophils |
| This WBC is U-shaped and releases histamine | Basophils |
| This WBC is about 25-35% of all WBC, has a large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm and they can develop into T and B cells that are important to the immune system. | Lymphocyte |
| An uncommon WBC with a horseshoe shaped nucleus, and takes residence in tissues and develops into macrophages | Monocyte |
| Platelets | Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes made in red bone marrow |
| Platelets function in _____ ______ and about 200 ______ are made per day. | blood clotting; billion |
| Antigen | A foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response |
| proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen. | antibody |
| WHat determines the type of blood you have? | Presence or absence of two blood antigens, b or a and the type of antibodies present. |
| What is the Rh factor? | Often used when expressing a blood type by naming it positive or negative |
| People with the Rh factor are _______ while people without the Rh factor is _______. | Positive: negative |
| Hemolytic disease | when the mother has antibodies that attack the newborn fetus |
| What do we use to make food and drugs? | Microbes |
| Microbes are important as _________ to recycle nutrients | Decomposers |
| Some microbes that cause disease is called? | Pathogens |
| Microbes include what? | 1. bacteria 2. viruses 3. prions 4. Other fungi |
| These are prokaryotic cells, single-celled, almost have a cell wall, have DNA in a single chromosome, have ribosomes and have plasmids | bacteria |
| Viruses | Small, non-living obligate parasites that reproduce in a host cell. |
| All viruses have an outer protein coat called _____ and ___ inside. | capsid; RNA or DNA |
| Prions | Infectious protein particles |
| Cause degenerative disease of the nervous system, and normal proteins change their shape | Prions |
| what are three types of bacteria? | bacillus, coccus, spirocheate |
| when three base pairs that come together from the nucleus, you get a code for _____ _____. | Amino acids |
| Bacteria cells will divide slowly or rapidly? | Rapidly |
| What are four functions of the lymphatic system? | 1. Absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to bloodstream 2.lacteals in sm. intestine absorb fats associated with proteins 3. Works in production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes 4. Helps defend against pathogens |
| What are the components of the lymphatic system? | Rt. Lymph duct, tonsils, red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, axillary lymph nodes, thoracic lymph duct, inguinal lymph nodes |
| one-way valve systems that carries fluid | Lymph |
| what are lymph. vessels made up of? | Capillaries, vessels and ducts |
| whats the function of lymph. vessels? | Return tissue fluid to blood stream |
| Where are lymph's produced? | REd bone arrow |
| what are the first line of defense for the body? | physical and chemical |
| Inflammatory response symptoms | 1. redness 2. heat 3. swelling 4. pain |
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