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Immunology 1
Cells and Lymphoid Organs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Types of Immunopathology | -autoimmunity -immunodeficiency -hypersenstivity (asthma/allergies) -tumors of lymphoid tissue or malignancy in other tissue -graft rejection -graft vs. host |
| Mannipulation of the Immune System | -vaccinations -passive immunity -transplantation -immunosupression (including anti-inflammatory) |
| Basic Characteristics of Innate Immunity | -first line of defense/protection -nonspecific or limited specificity -nonadaptive (no memory) -some types may not be fully developed in the neonate -may decline with age |
| Basic Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity | -specificity (antigen specific) -large diversity of receptors on B and T cells to recognize Ag -Memory -not completely functional in neonate -declines with age -role of antigen presenting cells or other phagocytic cells |
| Cells of Innate Immunity | -phagocytic -natural killer cells |
| Cells of Adaptive Immunity | -B lymphocytes (make antibodies(Ag)/immunoglobulins (Ig)) -Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells) -delayed-type hypersensitivity cells (TH1 cells) -TH2, Treg cells |
| Active vs. Passive Immunity | Active Immunity: produced by yourself Passive:made by someone/something else and transferred (mom to baby or injected) |
| Myeloid Progenitor Cells | -these cells will go on to become "first responders" and convey msg. to lympoid cells -Includes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages, mast cell, megakaryocytic/platlets, RBC, dendritic cells (Langerhans, intersitial, myeloid) |
| Lymphoid Progenitor Cells | -T Lymphocytes -B Lymphocytes -natural killer cells -lymphoid dendritic cells |
| Sites of Hematopoiesis | -fetal yolk sac (initially during gestation) -fetal liver & spleen (3-7 months gestation, absent by birth) -fetal bone marrow (7months gestation to birth) -bone marrow (after birth, in red marrow of spongy bone) |
| Primary (central) Lymphoid Organs | Bone Marrow: pre-cursor B cells (antigen independent) mature into mature B cell Thymus: precursor T-cells mature into mature T cells Fetal Liver |
| Secondary Lymphoid Organs/Tissues | -in the presence of Ag these serve as sites of further proliferation and differenentiation of B & T cells into erector cells 1)Lymph Nodes 2)Spleen 3)Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): includes tissues in resp, digestive, urogenital systems |
| MALT in the Digestive Tract | -lymphoid follicles -Peyer's patches -tonsils |
| MALT | -Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue -not encapsulated -some are more organized than others -help in response to antigens that make it past mucous membranes |
| Cutaneous Associated Lymphoid Tissues | -important during inflammation -Langerhans Cells (dendritic cells) -intraepidermal lymphocytes |
| Methods for maintaing homeostasis/steady state | -a balance of proliferation and cell death -Regulation of proliferation of cell death through hemopoietic growth factors, cytokines, apoptosis |
| Hematopoietic Growth Factors | *Erythropoietin: RBCS *Colony-stimulating factors (CSF): increases formation of cells (macrophage CSF, granulocyte CSF, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, IL-3 (multilineage CSF) |
| Morphological Characteristics of Apoptosis | -chromatin condensation, fragmentation of DNA and nucleus -decrease in cell volume -plasma membrane blebbing -cell fragments into membrane bound bodies (apoptotic bodies) phagocytosed by macrophages -death of cell -regulated by signals in or out of cell |
| Functions of Apoptosis | 1)Regulation of Cell Numbers 2)Remove unwanted or dangerous cells (self reactive B or T cells, virus infected cells, remove tumor cells, control inflammatory process) |
| Factors Affecting Apoptosis | -changes in concentrations of cytokines -some cytokines accelerate apoptosis in neutrophils (TNF-alpha) -cell membrane receptors initiate caspase pathway -Fas protein on surface of cells - genes |
| Caspase Pathway | a class of proteases that is the end target of apoptotic activation, responsible for cell death |
| Granular (polymorphonuclear) Leukocytes | -Neutrophiles (60-70% of WBCs) -Easinophils (2-5%) -Basophils (<0.2%) |
| Granules of WBCs | -vesicles/lysomes - may contain: lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, elastase, collagenases, proteases, lactoferrin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, interleukins, defensins |
| Agranular (mononuclear) leukocytes | -monocytes/macrophages (5%) -lymphocytes (20-40%): T & B lymphocytes, NK cells |
| Functions of the Innate Immune System | -phagocytosis and killing -secretions that kill microorganisms or infected cells -secretion of inflammatory mediators |
| Phagocytic Cells | -neutrophils -monocytes in blood/macrophages in tissues -eosinophils -reticuloendothelial system |
| Functions of Phagocytosis | -remove foreign substances, pathogenic organism, dead cells -remove apoptotic bodies -important in innate immunity and inflammation -breakdown Ag for presentation to T cells |
| O2 Dependents (oxidative) killing mechanism | -Used by Neutrophils and Macrophages -Reactive Oxygen Species -Reactive Nitrogen Species |
| Reactive Oxygen Species | -superoxide anion, hypochlorite anion, & H202 -ROS pathway is initated by activation of NADH oxidase when the microorganism binds to phagocyte |
| Reactive Nitrogen Species | -NO -Enzyme: Inducible nitric oxide synthase -stimulated when microorganism binds to PRR |
| 02 Independent Killing Systems | -important for controlling pathogens not completely killed by oxidative pathways -Includes: defensins, lysosome, hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, tumor necrosis factor alpha, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) |
| Cells with Secretions that Kill | -Eosinophils (extracellular degrandulation to kill parasites too large to phagocytose -Natural Killer Cells (secrete perforins and granzymes that kill infected or abnormal cell) |
| Cells that secrete inflammatory molecules or molecules involved in allergies | -Eosinophils: mediators involved w/ allergies and anaphylaxis -Basophils and mast cells: mediatiors involved w/ extracellular degranulation, inflammation, IgE mediated hypersensitivity, inflammation -Macrophages: inflammatory mediators TNF-alpha, IL-1 |
| Granule Contents of Basophils and Mast Cells | Vasoactive Substances: histamine, leukotrienes (C4, D4, E4), serotonin , platelet activating factor (PAF) Chemotactic Factors: eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), IL-8 (neutrophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis/NCF-A) |
| What are the types/locations of mast cells | Connective Tissue Mast Cells (skin, blood vessel, hair follicles) Mucosal Mast cells (resp, intestines, urogential) |
| Types of Lymphocytes | -B Cells -T Cells (cytotoxic, helper, regulatory, NKT) -Natural Killer Cells |
| MHC restriction | TCRs do not bind to intact antigen molecules, they bind to fragments of antigen attached to MHC molecules |
| TCR-1 | -made of gamma & delta chains -less frequently expressed than TCR-2 -more frequent in mucosal tissue than blood |
| TCR-2 | -made of alpha & beta polypeptide chains -90% of blood T cells and most cells in lymph tissue -most cells witht his receptor have either CD4 or CD8 |
| CD4 Cells | -T Helper Cells -recognize and bind to peptide fragments of Ag in association with class II MHC molecules using TCR |
| TCR-2 T cell subpopulations | -CD4 (T helper) cells -CD 8 (cytotoxic) cells -invariant NKT cells |
| TH1 (T Helper 1) Cells (a CD4 cells) | -secrete IL-2, IFN gamma, TNF beta -assoc with cell-mediated immunity -may release cytokines that influence Tc cells -role in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions -fight intracellular pathogens -influences class of Ab secreted by plasma cells |
| TH2 (T Helper 2) Cells (a CD4 cell) | -secrete IL-4, 5, 6, 9, 10 & 13 -stimulates B cell for humoral immunity -cytokines influences several Ab classes secreted by plasma cells -inhibit TH1 cells |
| CD4 T Regulatory Cells | -subpopulation of CD4 cells -express CD4 and CD25 -bind to self antigen presented by MHC -role in inhibiting self-reactive T cells and preventing autoimmune disease -secrete IL-10 and TGF (transforming growth factor) beta |
| T follicular helper cells (TFH, a CD4 cell) | -role in regulating B cell development in lymphoid tissue |
| CD 8 Cells | -Cytotoxic T Cell (Tc) -recognize peptide fragments of Ag in assoc. w/ class I MHC molecules using TCR -kill infected cells, tumor cells, trans planted cells |
| NKT cells | -invariant NKT cells -NOT the same as natural killer cell -characteristics of both NK and T cells -TCR interacts with CD1 (NOT MHC) -bind to glycolipid Ag/lipoproteins -active in innate and adaptive immunity |
| B Lymphocytes | -develop into plasma cells or memory cells -mature in bone marrow -plasma cells live 1-2 weeks |
| B Cell Receptors (BCR) | -bind to intact antigen -BCR is membrane bound immunoglobulin -accesory molecues Ig alpha and beta help with expression of BCR and signal transduction |
| Natutal Killer Cells | -5-10% of blood lymphocytes -kill:virus infected, tumor, or cell with decreases # of MHC I -release: performs, INF gamma, granzymes -NO TCR or BCR -has CD 16 & CD 56 |
| CD 56 | N-CAM (natural cell adhesion molecule) found on NK cells |
| Cells with Antigen Presenting Activity | -dendritic cells -B cells -monocytes/macrophages - endothelial/epithelial cells when stimulated |
| Name and Loation of APCs | -Langerhan cells (skin) -Interdigitating Dendritic Cell (IDC) (lymph node and thymus) -interstitial dendritic cells (non lymphoid organs) |
Created by:
MegPRN86
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