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Circulatory System
Bio 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anterior vena cava | vein that delivers blood from the anterior part of the body into the right atrium |
| antibody | y-shaped protein that is released by a type of white blood cell in response to the presence of foreign antigens |
| antigen | capable of stimulating the release of antibodies. interaction between antibodies and antigens is called agglutination |
| aorta | largest artery of the body conducts oxygenated blood out of the left atrium |
| arterial duct | fetal artery that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta allowing some blood to bypass the nonfunctional lungs. |
| atrioventricular valve | made out of connective tissue that allow blood to pass from atria to ventricles of the heart but not the other way. they are closed during systole and opened during diastole |
| autonomic nervous system | sub-division of the nervous system. effector system having sets of two motor neurons joined by synapses leading to specific effectors. its subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons |
| atrioventicular (AV) node | section of nodal tissue that lies on the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium. |
| blood | connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements. 4 functions; transport of nutrients and wastes, combating infection, clotting and regulation of body temp |
| blood pressure | force that blood exerts on blood vessel walls. is variable in arteries due to pumping action of the heart and diminishes with distance from the heart |
| blood velocity | speed of blood through a blood vessel. highest and most variable in arteries and slowest in capillaries which maximizes time for capillary-tissue fluid exchange |
| blood vessel | carries blood. there are considered to be three types of blood vessels; arteries, capillaries and veins |
| capillary-tissue fluid exchange | exchange of fluid materials between blood in a capillary and extracellular fluids in tissues as the blood travels through a capillary bed. |
| carotid artery | branch of the aorta conducting blood to the head. the right and left carotid artery are coupled with the jugular veins that conduct deoxygenated blood away from the head |
| chordae tendineae | small tendons that attach the AV valves to muscular extensions from the inside walls of the ventricles. they prevent AV valve flaps from inverting during systole |
| coronary artery | blood vessels that serve the heart muscle. describes the initial branches of the aorta going directly to the heart muscle as the aorta ascends out of the left ventricle |
| coronary vein | set of veins that conduct blood from the heart tissue to the vena cavae as it enters the right atrium |
| diastolic pressure | pressure that blood exerts outwards on the walls of arteries when the heart isnt contracting |
| fetal circulation | refers to the circulatory pattern of an unborn mammal. during development lungs dont function for gas exchange so the fetus must conduct external respiration via the placenta |
| heart rate | number of times a heart contracts in one minute |
| hepatic portal vein | major vein that takes nutrient rich blood from the small intestine to the liver, and have capillary beds on both ends. intestinal end; vein recieves glucose and amino acids from digestion and conducts them to the liver |
| hepatic vein | major vein that conducts blood from the liver back into the inferior vena cava, on its way through the liver the blood is treated or conditioned |
| hypertension | means high blood pressure |
| hypotension | low blood pressure |
| iliac artery | major blood vessels of the leg, dorsal aorta branches to form the iliac arteries where the iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava. umbilical arteries are branches of the iliac arteries |
| iliac vein | major blood vessels of the leg, dorsal aorta branches to form the iliac arteries where the iliac veins join to form the inferior vena cava |
| jugular vein | veins that conduct blood from the head down the neck. they join the superior vena cava allowing blood to enter the right atrium so it can be pumped into the pulmonary circuit |
| left atrium | Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins extend from the left atrium to the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart. |
| left ventricle | Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta. The aorta carries and distributes oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body |
| lymph capillaries | absorb the fluids that become lymph. lacteals are specialized lymph capillaries that are found in the villi of the ileum where they absorb fats |
| lymph node | spot along lymph ducts where two or more ducts join together. they house white blood cells which are active in the destruction of foreign and potentially harmful cells and substances transported by the lymph before its added to the circulatory system |
| lymphatic system | made up of all the vessles and nodes that transport and clean lymph. the lymph ducts eventually join together to produce the main lymphatic ducts that join the circulatory system |
| lymphatic veins | transport fluid away from tissues. fluid transported by lymphatic vessels is called lymph. |
| mesenteric artery | blood vessel that conducts blood to the intestines |
| oval opening | valve allowing blood to pass from the right ventricle of a fetal heart into the left ventricle, so blood bypasses the non functional lungs. once the lungs inflate blood enters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins |
| plasma | fluid portion of blood. mostly water contains globulins, nutrients, wastes, cholestrol, steroid hormones, dissolved gasses and various ions |
| platelets | aid in the blood clotting process. When activated, these cells adhere to one another to block the flow of blood from damaged blood vessels. produced from bone marrow |
| posterior vena cava | large vein that receives blood from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdomen and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart. |
| pulmonary arteries | pulmonary artery transports blood from the heart to the lungs.pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle of the heart and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries. |
| pulmonary circulation | The circulation of blood through the lungs. |
| pulmonary trunk | divides into the right pulmonary artery and the left pulmonary artery, which enter the corresponding lungs |
| pulmonary veins | Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium. 4 kinds; right superior, right inferior, left superior, and left inferior |
| purkinje fibres | fiber branches that extend from the atrioventricular bundle; relays cardiac impulses to the ventricular cells causing the ventricles to contract |
| red blood cell | transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs. |
| renal artery | blood vessel that brings blood into the kidney. |
| renal vein | return blood from the kidneys to the vena cava. |
| right atrium | thin-walled chamber of the heart which pumps blood into the right ventricle for ejection into the pulmonary circulation. |
| right ventricle | muscular chamber of the heart which accepts blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. |
| sinoatrial node | section of nodal tissue that is located in the upper wall of the right atrium; Sets the rate of contraction for the heart. |
| semi-lunar valve | flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced by fibers which prevent the valves from turning inside out; located between the aorta and the left ventricle and between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle. |
| septum | dividing partition or a wall in between, such as between two tissues |
| subclavian artery | Supplies oxygenated blood to the arms. |
| subclavian vein | continuation of the axillary vein which follows the subclavian artery and then joins the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. |
| systemic circulation | part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
| systolic pressure | pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries during the contraction phase of the heart |
| total cross-sectional area | transverse cut through a structure or tissue. |
| umbilical artery | flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or foetus to the placenta. |
| umbilical vein | vascular components of the umbilical cord |
| valve | flap-like structures that allow blood to flow in one direction. |
| veins | elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body to the heart. |
| venous duct | tube like portion of the umbilical vein hat courses through the liver so blood can bypass the functions of the liver. |
| vessel wall | water conducting system in the xylem, consisting of a column of cells (vessel elements) whose end walls have been perforated or totally degraded, resulting in an uninterrupted tube. |
| white blood cell | protect the body from infectious agents; important role in the immune system by identifying, destroying, and removing pathogens, damaged cells, cancerous cells, and foreign matter from the body. |
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alubbe
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