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BSC 400-2 Phylogeny
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Phylogeny* | reconstruction of the evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms; commonly shown in dendrogram or cladogram |
| Dendrogram definition | simplified picture of evolution, position of organism is a reference to time and hierarchical organization of the animal |
| Dendrogram picture (Ancestral Primates) | Let The Nuns Only Go On Gorillas CHild (LTNOGOGCH) PROSIMIANS: Lemurs, pottos, lorises>Tarsiers> ANTHROPOIDS: New World Monkeys>Old World Monkeys>Gibbons>Orangoutangs> Gorillas>Chimpanzees>Humans |
| Cladogram Picture (Ancestral Colonial Choanoflagellates) | I. Parazoa (Porifera) II.Eumetazoa A. Radiata (Cnidaria, Ctenophora) B. Bilatera 1. Deuterostomia (Echnodermata, Chordata) 2. Protostomia (continued on next slide) |
| Protostomia | a. Ecdysozoa (nematoda, arthropoda) b. Lophotrochozoa (BRAMPN PB) (platyhelminthes, rotifera, nermetea, bryozoa, mollusca, annelida, brachiopoda, phoronida) |
| Assumptions of cladogram or dendrogram (1-3) | 1.Evolution continouos and connected (no break in lineage- dead ends are extinctions) 2.similar species evolved from common ancestor. 1 branch>multiple branches, not other way around 3.Agreed phylogeny is the one that is most parsimonious |
| Assumptions of cladogram or dendrogram (4-5) | 4. Only a hypothesis, time or exact sequence of speciation can never be proven 5.Can be simple (generalizing too much can be misleading) or complex (overwhelming) |
| Parsimoniuos* | least number of evolutionary steps or events leading to present state of species |
| Hierarchical Classification (using Panther example) | Domain (Eukarya)> Kingdom (Animalia)>Phylum (Chordata)>Class (mammilia)>Order (carnivora)>Family (Felidae)>Genus (panthera)> Species (panthera pardus) |
| 3 definitions of a speicies | Biological Species Concept (BSC), Phylogenetic/Evolutionary Species Concept (P/ESC), Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTC) |
| Biological Species Concept (BSC) | pop of organisms that posses potential to interbreed with viable offspring. Cannot breed with other populations-prezygotic and postzygotic barriers |
| Evolutionary Species Concept | Also known as: Phylogenetic Species Concept; population evolved seperately, unique evolutinary history, exsists as a tip of phylogeny due to molecular data |
| Operational Taxonomic Unit | terminal taxon determined by differences in sequence, grp of organisms used in study without designation of taxonomic rank |
| New Species: Urspelerpes brucei | compare pair-wise distance between spelerpine genera for gene Rag-1. Genera include (eurycea, gyrinophilus, pseudotrition, stereochilus)SPEG |
| Historical Approach to Constructing Phylogenies | Morphological data-measurements of characteristics and prescence and absence of features. |
| Modern Approach | Use molecular characteristics; presence of absence of specific proteins, comparing DNA and RNA sequences. Can assign time frame based on estimated time for sequence to change |
| Phylogeny of salamanders based on DNA sequence | (secor cosumes peoples ambition and really scares dumb people) Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, Plethodontidae, Amphiumidae, Ambystromidae, Rhyacotritonidae, Salamandridae, Dicamptodontidae, Proteidae |
| Phylogeny of salamanders based on Morphology | CHildren Dont Ask SPelling Anymore SPank |
| Phylogengy of salamanders based on rRNA | Sirens CHange Readily PAssing People Singing DAringly |
| Deuterostomes | Eight Cell Stage- (radial and indeterminate); Coelom Formation (Enterocoelus-folds of archenteron make coelom); Blastopore becomes anus |
| Protostomes | Eight cell stage (Spiral and determinate); Coelom formation (Schizocoelous-mesoderm split to form solid masses of coelom); blastopore develops into mouth |
| 4 Chordate characteristics were thought to have evolved for ______ and _____ | feeding and locomotion |
| 4 chordate characteristics | Dorsal hollow nerve cord, post anal tail,paired pharyngeal slits, notocord |
| Dorsal Hollow NErve Cord* | develops embryonically as longitudinal folding of ectoderm layer (invagination or neurulation). infolding closes dorsally. becomes hollow tube and eventuallly CNS. |
| Paired Pharyngeal slits* | embryonically develops from lateral wall of pharnyx. only embryonic in terrestrial vertebrates. forms gill slits in aquatic |
| Post-Anal Tail* | extension of body beyond the anus |
| Notochord* | longitudinal, fluid-filled, ventral to the dorsal hollow nerve cord. mesodermic origin-dorsal wall of gut. surrounded by sheathes of CT. provides rigidity, preventing shortening and lengthening. |
| Notochord in most vertebrates* | lost before birth, function replaced by vertebrae, only remnants in the intervertebral disks |
| Segmented Muscles block* | another key chordate characteristic, referred ro as myomeres*; segmentation also extends skeletal, nervous, and circulatory systems |
| Endostyle* | another key chordate characteristic, longitudinal mid-ventral groove that runs the length of the pharnyx. Lower chordates: secretes sticky mucous to trap food. Higher chordates: precursor to thyroid gland |
| Protochordate* | invertebrates within chordates (2 phyla urochordate and cephalochordata) |
| Hemichordate* | invertebrate (protochordate), acorn worms. lack notochord and post-anal tail so not always included in chordates |
| Classes of hemichordates | Enteropneusta, pterobranchia, tornaria (generalized larvae) |
| Urochordates (Tunicates)* | express all characteristics at some point. 3 major groups: (ATL) Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, Larvacea, |
| Ascidiaceans* | Sea squirts, tadpole. free swimming. posses 4 characteristics at same time |
| Axial complex on ascidiacean larva consists of: | tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord |
| Cephalochordates | 45 species that inhabit marine coastline. retain all 4 characteristics throughout whole lifetime, streamline in shape (5-7cm long), low continuous dorsal and tail fin. adults usually live buried course sediment with oral head protruding |
| Cephalochordates swim by: | lateral undulation thanks to their segmented muslce and notochord |
| Cephalochordates trap food: | using pharyngeal apparatus. cilia in oral hood create current. food (microorganisms and phytoplankton) gets trapped by muccous produced by endostyle and then passes into gut |
| Subphylum Vertebrata Characteristics* | Increase Cephalization, Brain enclosed by cranium, Neural Crest Tissue, sensory placodes, vertebral column, gills supported by cartilage, gills used for breathing,muscular pumping for water movement through gill |
| Sensory placodes* | produced by thickening and later invagination of head ectoderm. forms lens of eyes, nose, and ears |
| Neural Crest Cells* | pinched off portions of ectoderm from formation of dorsal hollow nerve cord. migrate throughout body give rise to: visceral arches,dentine of teeth, post ganglionic neurons, adrenal medulla |
| Vertebral Column* | bone or cartilaginous blocks that give support, used in movement |
| Vertbrata Characteristics allow them for ______ | increased levels of activity and the ability to actively aquire food and escape predators. have greater sensory perception, muscular development, and consequently greater metabolic needs. |
| paedomorphosis | proposed method of evolution of vertebrates by W. Garstang, retention of active characteristics into adulthood, eliminating sessile stage |
| evolution of Increasing active lifestyle of vertebrates characterized by 3 steps* | 1. suspension feeding prevertebrates (uro, ceph, hemi)- use cilia and mucous to trap food 2. early vertebrate lacking jaws-agnathan 3. early vertebrate possesing jaws-gnathostome |
| Agnathan* | ciliary pumps replaced by muscular pumps, constricting pharnyx can move water in and out of oral cavity. addition of cartilgonus supports |
| Gnathostome* | switch in feeding habit-active feeding instead of suspension feeding and mouth-sucking. innovations of jaw for capturing and holding onto prey. |
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katurgeon
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