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Pharm Vocabulary
NURS 430 Vocab List 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Potency | The drug dose needed to produce a given effect - usually 50% of maximum |
| Efficacy | The goal dose for response. Usually refers to maximal effect. |
| The potency or efficacy can be quantifed as | the quantal response or the number of patients who respond to a drug |
| Therapeutic index is another name for | safety |
| Therapeutic Index is | the relationship between the toxic dose and the effective dose. |
| Equation for Therapeutic Index | Toxic Dose over Effective Dose or TD50/ED50 |
| ED50 is | the potency |
| the graded dose response relationship is | the drug receptor complex that results in biological effect |
| the magnitude of the biological effect is proportional to | the number of receptors occupied |
| affinity is | the strength of binding between the drug and its receptor |
| an agonist is | something that binds and activates a recptor |
| an antagonist is | something that binds and prevents receptor activity |
| full agonist is | something that activates the receptor to full extend and mimics endogenous |
| partial agonist is | something that causes a less than full response despite receptor saturation |
| partial agonists can result in | antagonism |
| an inverse agonist is | something that results in reverse activity of receptors and stabilize receptors in an inactive format |
| a competitive antagonist | competes with agonist for receptor - like narcan and morphine |
| irreversible antagonist | binds covalently to receptor and inactivates it - blocking the amount of receptors available |
| allosteric antagonist | prevents receptor transformation when drug binds to a site that is different than an agonist site. |
| allosteric agonist example | benzos bind to ion channels activated by GABA and enhance effects of GABA |
| chemical agonist | drug binds directly to substance so substance cant interact with receptor ex. iron chelators |
| small therapeutic index | monitor more frequently because less safe |
| threshold for a toxic therapeutic index | 2.0 |
| pharmakokinetics is | the actions of the body on the drug; absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of the drug in the body |
| first order kinetics is the same as | first order elimination |
| first order elimination is | enxymes that metabolize a drug for elimination that do not become saturated so the rate of elimination is directly proportional to the concentration of free drug |
| zero order kinetics is | the enzyme system is saturated so rate of metabolism is constant - regardless of drug concentration. it is not affected by the rate of concentration |
| first pass metabolism is | when a drug is administered orally and visits the liver via the bloodstream and is metabolized before going to the organ of disease |
| lipophillic drugs | not excreted but their hydrophilic metabolites are excreted |
| hydrophilic drugs leads to | increased renal excretion and decreased tubular reabsorption |
| bioavailability is | determination of equivalence - the percent of drug that reaches systemic circulation, calculated by plasma level - effective dose/bioavailability. IV dose is 100% bioavailable, oral is 70% bioav. |
| factors that influence bioavailability | first pass metabolism, solubility of drug, chemical instability, physical properties of drug |
| most drugs are secreted by | passive diffusion |
| antibiotics are brought into bacteria by | endocytosis |
| drug distribution is when | a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium and tissues/cells |
| when plasma proteins are lower than normal | then total drug concentrations will be lower but unbound concentration will not be affected |
| a large volume of distribution is associated with | low excretion/long half life |
| metabolism is the | termination of drug action and has three portions - bioinactivation, detoxification and elimination |
| biotransformation is | metabolism. both occur in the liver |
| most liver metabolism converts meds to | more polar, less lipophilic compounds that can be eliminated by kidneys |
| biotransformation occurs in two phases | phase 1 results in oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, phase two results in conjugation products and are inactive |
| An example of a phase 1 drug metabolism is the | CYP 450 system in liver mostly but also in GI and lung |
| you have to love this to get in the brain | fat |
| ionic forms of drugs are more easily excreted by | the kidneys |
| polypharmacy is | 5 or more drugs |
| grapefruit does this | inhibits CYP 450 enzyme |
| milk pH is | 7.08 |
| nicotine does this | induce cyp450 enzymes |
| acidic medications are more likely to end up in this (lactating women) | breast milk |
| alcohol and caffeine | induce cyp450enzymes |
| grapefruit permanently does this | inactivates cyp3a4 enzymesand takes 48-72 hours |
| half life is | the amount of time it takes for 50% of the drug to be out of your system |
| this many half lives should be used to calculate clearance | 3.3 |
| pharmacodynamics is | potency, efficacy and safety - how the drug causes a response in the body |
| most drugs are excreted in | the kidneys |
| clearance | refers to renal clearance - rate of drug elimination by metabolism and excretion |
| pharmacogenetics | inherited drug response - look at phenotypes |
| g linked receptor interactions include | prostaglandins alpha or beta receptors |
| refractory receptors | require a rest period - ion channels only |
| desnsitized receptors | no longer responsive to ligand - think smell |
| downregulated receptors | receptors are sequestered, even downgraded and unable to interact (morphine + dilaudid) |
| tachyphylaxis | rapid unresponsiveness with repeated dosing (nitro 4th dose) |
| phase 1 clinical trial | determine max dose, toxicity 15, ppl |
| phase 2 clinical trial | disease oriented only 50 ppl |
| phase 3 clinical trial |
Created by:
jonquil
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