One E. coli bacterium reproduces by divides into two.

In a complex series of steps, a human skin cell reproduces by dividing into two.

This process produces haploid gametes like eggs or sperm

In a normal human somatic cell, there are two of each type of the 23 chromosomes.

A human sperm cell has only one copy of each of the 23 chromosomes.

DNA and RNA store and transmit information for producing proteins within a cell.

Two identical cells are produced through either binary fission or mitosis.

Four haploid cells are produced by meiosis.

Two individuals, heterozygous for two different traits, are bred to produce offspring with a large number of possible genotypes and phenotypes.

A pea plant with one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait will show the dominant trait.

An organism has two copies of either the dominant or recessive allele of a gene.

A photograph taken when all the chromosomes in a cell are visible can be analyzed to look for chromosomal disorders.

An individual has specific alleles for many different traits.

The physical trait that is seen or otherwise observed, resulting from genetic makeup.

Sometimes, changes in DNA are caused by copying errors or other factors.

A branching diagram can be used to trace the inheritance of a specific trait within a family.

RNA is produced using DNA as a template.

A protein is produced using mRNA as a template.

One strand of DNA is used as a template to create another, identical strand of DNA.

Genes usually are found in two or more forms in a population. One form is often dominant, the other recessive.

Based on many sources of evidence, scientists represent the ways that lineages have changed over time.

A branching diagram based on physical fossil evidence shows a possible way in which birds and dinosaurs may be related by a common ancestor.

Birds and butterflies both have wings that allow them to fly, but the actual structures of the wings are very different. So, their wings do NOT provide evidence of a common ancestor.

homologous structures

The bone structure of a bat's wing and a human hand provides evidence of a common ancestor.

Darwin wrote a theory explaining evolution in which the fittest organisms survive and their offspring inherit their beneficial traits.

The alleles in a population become more or less frequent over many generations bacuase of genetic drift, natural or artificial selection.

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Biology Semester 2

Vocabulary for 2nd Semester Biology

Term	Definition
binary fission	One E. coli bacterium reproduces by divides into two.
mitosis	In a complex series of steps, a human skin cell reproduces by dividing into two.
meiosis	This process produces haploid gametes like eggs or sperm
diploid	In a normal human somatic cell, there are two of each type of the 23 chromosomes.
haploid	A human sperm cell has only one copy of each of the 23 chromosomes.
nucleic acids	DNA and RNA store and transmit information for producing proteins within a cell.
daughter cells	Two identical cells are produced through either binary fission or mitosis.
gametes	Four haploid cells are produced by meiosis.
dihybrid cross	Two individuals, heterozygous for two different traits, are bred to produce offspring with a large number of possible genotypes and phenotypes.
heterozygous	A pea plant with one dominant allele and one recessive allele for a trait will show the dominant trait.
homozygous	An organism has two copies of either the dominant or recessive allele of a gene.
karyotype	A photograph taken when all the chromosomes in a cell are visible can be analyzed to look for chromosomal disorders.
genotype	An individual has specific alleles for many different traits.
phenotype	The physical trait that is seen or otherwise observed, resulting from genetic makeup.
mutation	Sometimes, changes in DNA are caused by copying errors or other factors.
pedigree	A branching diagram can be used to trace the inheritance of a specific trait within a family.
transcription	RNA is produced using DNA as a template.
translation	A protein is produced using mRNA as a template.
replication	One strand of DNA is used as a template to create another, identical strand of DNA.
allele	Genes usually are found in two or more forms in a population. One form is often dominant, the other recessive.
phylogeny	Based on many sources of evidence, scientists represent the ways that lineages have changed over time.
cladogram	A branching diagram based on physical fossil evidence shows a possible way in which birds and dinosaurs may be related by a common ancestor.
analogous structures	Birds and butterflies both have wings that allow them to fly, but the actual structures of the wings are very different. So, their wings do NOT provide evidence of a common ancestor.
homologous structures	The bone structure of a bat's wing and a human hand provides evidence of a common ancestor.
natural selection	Darwin wrote a theory explaining evolution in which the fittest organisms survive and their offspring inherit their beneficial traits.
biological evolution	The alleles in a population become more or less frequent over many generations bacuase of genetic drift, natural or artificial selection.

Created by: Soderholm

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