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Bio exam 1, pt.5
Plant Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Like other plants, angiosperms reproduce sexually through __________ __ ___________. | alternation of generations |
| Many angiosperms can also reproduce ________. | asexually |
| ________ relationships between flowering plants and animals help the plants reproduce | Symbiotic |
| Angiosperms are characterized by three F's: | Flowers, double Fertilization, and Fruits |
| ________ plants the most successful plant group due to their reproductive adaptations | flowering |
| Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm _______. | sporophyte |
| Flowers are attached to a part of the stem called the ________. | receptacle |
| What four organs do flowers consist of? | Sepals, Petals, Stamens, and Carpels |
| Function of Sepals | cover flower bud before it opens |
| Function of Petals | colorful to attract pollinators |
| Stamens | Anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen, attached to long filament (male) |
| Carpels | Long style with sticky stigma on end where pollen lands. The ovary is at the base with ovules inside |
| Complete flowers | have all four floral organs |
| Incomplete flowers | are missing one or more organs |
| Perfect flowers | have both male and female parts |
| Imperfect flowers | have only male or only female parts |
| Inflorescence | a cluster of multiple flowers |
| Male gametophytes develop within the _____ ____. | Pollen grain |
| Pollen grains develop from ________ in the __________, or pollen sacs, of anthers | microspores, microsporangia |
| Pollen grains consists of the ___-_____ male gametophyte and the pollen wall | two-celled |
| If pollination succeeds, the pollen grain produces a ______ ____ that grows down into the ovary and discharges two sperm near the embryo sac | pollen tube |
| Female gametophytes develop within the _____. | ovule |
| megaspores are produced by _______ and develop into female gametophytes, or embryo sacs. | meiosis |
| The female gametophyte of flowering plants consists of only 7 cells. What are these cells and how many of each? | 3 antipodal cells, 1 central cell with 2 haploid nuclei, 1 egg cell, 2 synergids |
| Both male and female gametophytes develop through _______ and then _________ in that order. | meiosis, mitosis |
| Define Pollination | the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma |
| Name three ways pollination can be done: | by wind, water, or animals |
| Flowers have different structures to facilitate different __________. | pollinators |
| After landing on a receptive stigma, the pollen grain grows a pollen tube and deposits two sperm into the embryo sac. This is called _______ ____________. | Double fertilization |
| The two sperms used in double fertilization have two different uses. Explain. | One sperm fertilizes the egg, which becomes the zygote, and then the embryo. The other sperm fertilizes the two polar nuclei in the central cell, which becomes triploid endosperm |
| After fertilization, each ovule develops into a _____. | seed |
| The ovary develops into a _____ enclosing the seed(s) | fruit |
| Endosperm development usually precedes _____ development | embryo |
| Endosperm can serve two functions, depending on the plant. What are they? | In some plants, the endosperm is stored for food for the embryo, while in others the food reserves are exported directly to the cotyledons |
| Seed coat forms from _________ of the ovule and protect the embryo and its food supply | integuments |
| After being formed, many seeds enter dormancy. What does this allow the seed to do? | to wait until it’s a good time to germinate |
| Breaking of dormancy requires __________ ___ such as temperature and moisture | environmental cues |
| Seed germination requires inbibation. What is inbibation? | the uptake of water |
| During germination, the ______ (embryonic root) emerges first | radicle |
| Next the _____ ___ must push up through the soil | shoot tip |
| Some plants have a ________ to protect the delicate shoot tip | coleoptile |
| In other plants, the ______ forms a hook to push through the soil | hypocotyl |
| Fruit develops from the whole ______. | ovary |
| Fruit _______ the enclosed seeds and aids in dispersal by wind, water, or animals | Protects |
| How can fruits be classified? | by whether they are dry or fleshy |
| What is another way fruit can be classified? | by whether they develop from a single ovary, multiple ovaries, or multiple flowers |
| What are the four types of fruits? | Simple, aggregate, multiple, and accessory |
| Simple fruits develop from... | one flower with one ovary |
| Aggregate fruits develop from... | one flower that had multiple ovaries |
| Multiple fruits develop from... | multiple flowers in an inflorescence |
| Accessory fruits develop from... | other flower parts in addition to the ovary, such as the receptacle |
| Many ________ species can reproduce both sexually and asexually | angiosperm |
| What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? | results in genetically diverse offspring – good for adapting to new environments |
| What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? | results in a clone of genetically identical organisms – don’t need a partner to reproduce with |
| What are two Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction? | fragmentation and apomixis |
| Fragmentation | when pieces of a plant can grow into a whole plant |
| Apomixis – the asexual reproduction of seeds without fertilization | the asexual reproduction of seeds without fertilization |
| Self-fertilization is not the same thing as ________ ___________. | asexual reproduction |
| Self-fertilization is when a plant pollinates its own ______. | stigmas |
| Many plants have ____-______________ mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization from happening. | self-incompatibility |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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