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Bio exam 1, pt.2
Plant Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the three primary organs of plants? | roots, stems, and leaves |
| What is the main organ system of plants underground? | the root system |
| What is the main organ system of plants above ground? | the shoot system |
| Plants show a lot more developmental ______ than animals. | plasticity |
| What are the three primary functions of roots? | Anchors the plant in the soil, Absorbs water and minerals from the soil, and Stores extra carbohydrates for the plant |
| The Root System consists of: | Taproot, Lateral roots, Adventitious roots |
| Taproot | the one main vertical root |
| Lateral roots | grow out from the taproot |
| Adventitious roots | grow out from stems or leaves |
| Plants that don’t have a main taproot have a ______ root system | fibrous |
| In most plants, root ____ absorb most of the water and minerals. | hairs |
| Root hairs are _______ of the cells of the root. | extensions |
| Many small root hairs greatly increase the ______ ____ of the root | surface area |
| What are 4 examples of modified roots? | storage roots, prop roots, buttress roots and Pneumatophore |
| What is the function of storage roots? | store extra food for the plant |
| What is the function of prop roots and buttress roots? | help hold tall plants up |
| What is the function of pneumatophore roots? | act like “snorkels” for trees in swamps |
| A stem is an organ consisting of ____ and _______. | Nodes and internodes |
| nodes | the point where leaves are attached |
| internodes | between the nodes |
| Apical bud | the tip of a stem where elongation of the shoot takes place |
| Axillary buds | have the potential to form a lateral shoot (side branch) |
| Apical dominance | maintains dormancy in axillary buds |
| What are some examples of modified stems? | Rhizomes and stolons, Bulbs and corms, Tubers, and Thorns |
| What is the function of Rhizomes and stolons? | allow asexual reproduction |
| What is the function of bulbs and corms? | stores food |
| What is the function of tubers? | also store food and allow for asexual reproduction |
| What is the function of thorns? | protect plants from herbivores |
| Leaves are the main _________ organ for most vascular plants. | photosynthetic |
| What are the 3 parts of a leaf? | Blade, petiole, and veins |
| Blade | the flattened part of the leaf |
| Petiole | the stalk that attaches the leaf to the stem |
| Veins | bundles of vascular tissue running through the leaf |
| Monocots and eudicots have different arrangements of ____ ____. | leaf veins |
| Monocots have _____ veins | parallel |
| Dicots have ______ veins | branching |
| Leaf morphology is a useful way to identify plants. What do they compare? | Simple vs. compound leaves, and Smooth margins vs. toothed or lobed margins |
| What are some examples of leaf modifications? | Tendrils, spines, storage leaves, and bracts |
| What is the function of tendrils? | help anchor vines to other plants or fences |
| What is the function of spines? | protect plants from herbivores |
| What is the function of storage leaves? | store food and water |
| Bracts | colorful leaves that some plants have instead of showy petals |
| Roots, stems, and leaves are made up of three types of tissues. What are they? | Dermal, Vascular, and Ground |
| Dermal Tissue: In woody plants, the dermal tissue consists of the ________. | epidermis |
| Dermal Tissue: A waxy coating called the ______ helps prevent water loss from the epidermis | cuticle |
| Dermal Tissue: In woody plants, ______ replaces the epidermis on older stems and roots | periderm |
| Dermal Tissue: Some plants have hair-like projections called ______ on their shoot epidermis to protect them. | trichomes |
| _______ tissue transports materials between the roots and leaves | Vascular |
| Vascular tissue: What are the two types of vascular tissue? | xylem and phloem |
| Vascular tissue: What is the function of xylem? | conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the shoots |
| Vascular tissue: What is the function of phloem? | conveys organic nutrients (like sugars) from where they are made or stored (a source) to where they are needed (a sink) |
| The vascular tissue of a stem or root is collectively called the _____. | stele |
| In angiosperms the stele of a root is a solid central vascular ________. | cylinder |
| The stele of stems and leaves is divided into vascular _______. | bundles |
| Tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular is called _______ tissue. | ground |
| Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is the ____. | pith |
| Ground tissue between the vascular tissue and the dermal tissue is the ______. | cortex |
| Ground tissue includes cells for _______, ______________, and _______. | storage, photosynthesis, and support |
| As in any multicellular organism, plant cells are ___________ for different functions | specialized |
| What are the 5 major types of plant cells? | Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Water-conducting cells of the xylem, and Sugar-conducting cells of the phloem |
| Parenchyma cells have thin and flexible _______ cells walls. | primary |
| Parenchyma cells do not have _________ cell walls. | secondary |
| Parenchyma cells are the least specialized. What does this mean? | They perform the widest variety of functions |
| Parenchyma cells retain the ability to ______ and _____________. | divide and differentiate |
| Collenchyma cells are grouped in ______ and help support young parts of the plant shoot. | strands |
| Collenchyma have _______ cell walls than parenchyma. | thicker (and walls are of an uneven thickness.) |
| Collenchyma lack ________ cell walls | secondary |
| Collenchyma provide flexible support without restraining ______. | growth |
| Sclerenchyma cells are _____ because of thick secondary cell walls strengthened with lignin | rigid |
| Sclerenchyma cells are ____ at functional maturity | dead |
| What are the two types of sclerenchyma cells? | sclereids and fibers |
| describe Sclereids | are short and irregular in shape and have very thick lignified cell walls |
| describe Fibers | are long and slender and arranged in threads |
| Xylem cells: What are the two types of water-conducting cells? | tracheids and vessel elements |
| Xylem cells: Tracheids are found in all ________ plants. | vascular |
| Xylem cells: Describe tracheids | Long and skinny with tapered ends |
| Xylem cells: Vessel elements are found in all ___________ and some __________. | angiosperms, gymnosperms |
| Xylem cells: describe vessel elements | Shorter and fatter |
| Xylem cells: Vessel elements align end to end to form long pipes called _______. | vessels |
| Xylem cells: Both tracheids and vessel cells are ____ at maturity | dead |
| Phloem cells: What are the two types of phloem cells? | Sieve-tube elements and companion cells |
| Phloem cells:Sieve-tube elements alive at maturity, but lack _________. | organelles |
| Phloem cells: There are Sieve _____ on the ends that allow fluid to flow along the sieve tube | plates |
| Phloem cells: Since sieve-tube elements lack organelles, the ______ and ________ of companion cells serve both cells | nucleus and ribosomes |
| Meristems | perpetually embryonic plant tissue (stem cells) that allow for indeterminate growth |
| Apical meristems are at the tips of _____ and ______, and also at the _______ buds | roots and shoots, axillary |
| Apical meristems elongate shoots and roots, a process called _______ ______. | primary growth |
| ________ meristems provide thickness to wood stems, a process called secondary growth | Lateral |
| What are the two lateral meristems called? | Vascular cambium and Cork cambium |
| what does the vascular cambium do? | Adds secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
| what does the cork cambium do? | Replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher periderm |
| Apical meristems produce the primary _____ ____. | plant body |
| Primary growth of roots: The root tip is covered by a protective ____ ___. | root cap |
| Primary growth of roots: Growth occurs just behind the root tip in three regions. What are these three regions? | Zone of cell division, Zone of elongation, Zone of maturation |
| The primary growth of roots produces the _________, ______ tissue, and ________ tissue. | epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue |
| Starting with the vascular cylinder in the stele in the middle of the root, list the layers going out. | stele is surrounded by endodermis, then cortex, then epidermis on the outside of the root |
| Lateral roots grow from the _________, the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder | pericycle |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: a dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip is called an _______ _______ | Apical meristem |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: Leaves develop from leaf _______ along the sides of the apical meristem | primordia |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: ______ buds form from meristematic cells left at the base of leaf primordia | Axillary |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: _______ shoots develop from axillary buds on the stem’s surface | Lateral |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: In _______, the vascular tissue consists of vascular bundles that are arranged in a ring | eudicots |
| Primary Growth of Shoots: In _______, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue | monocots |
| Tissue Organization of Leaves: The epidermis contains _______. | stomata |
| Each stoma is flanked by ____ cells which control opening and closing of the stomata | guard |
| Tissue Organization of Shoots: The ground tissue of a leaf is called _______, sandwiched between the lower and upper epidermis | mesophyll |
| Ground Tissue of Leaves: Angiosperms have two types of mesophyll, made of parenchyma cells. What are they? | Pallaside mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll |
| Ground Tissue of Leaves: Pallaside mesophyll are located in the ______ part of the leaf | upper |
| Ground Tissue of Leaves: Pallaside mesophyll are... | Tightly packed, tall and skinny cells where most photosynthesis takes place |
| Ground Tissue of Leaves: Spongy mesophyll are located in the ______ part of the leaf | lower |
| Ground Tissue of Leaves: Spongy mesophyll are... | Loosely packed with air spaces to allow gas exchange |
| Vascular Tissue of Leaves: Leaf veins are the vascular ______ of leaves | bundles |
| Vascular Tissue of Leaves: Leaf veins are _________ with the vascular bundles of stems | continuous |
| Vascular Tissue of Leaves: Each vein is enclosed by a protective ______ ______. | bundle sheath |
| Vascular Tissue of Leaves: The leaf veins also serve as the _______ of the leaf | skeleton |
| _______ growth adds girth girth to stems and roots of woody plants | Secondary |
| The secondary plant body is produced by the ________ cambium and the ____ cambium. | vascular, cork |
| Secondary growth is found in gymnosperms and some angiosperms, but not in _______. | monocots |
| The vascular cambium is a... | cylinder of meristematic cells only one cell thick |
| The vascular cambium develops from undifferentiated ______ cells. | parenchyma |
| ____ ________ increases the vascular cambium’s circumference and adds secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside. | Cell division |
| Secondary xylem accumulates as wood, consisting of ________, ______ ________, and ______. | tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers |
| Early wood develops in the _____ | spring |
| Late wood develops in ______ | summer |
| Early wood has ____ cell walls for maximum water delivery | thin |
| Late wood has _____ walls for stem support | thick |
| What produces the growth rings found in wood? | Alternating rings of early wood and late wood |
| Wood: What are the older layers of secondary xylem called? | heartwood |
| Wood: The outer, younger layers are known as | sapwood |
| As a tree ages, the heartwood, becomes ________ and no longer transports water | compressed |
| Even though the heartwood stops transporting water as the tree ages, the _______ continues to transfer water. | sapwood |
| As a tree ages, older secondary _____ sloughs off and does not accumulate | phloem |
| The cork cambium gives rise to the ______ | periderm |
| What is periderm? | a protective covering over older stems and roots |
| Periderm includes the ____ ______ and the layers of ____ cells it produces | cork cambium, cork |
| What does bark consist of? | all the tissue outside the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem and periderm |
| pores in the periderm that allow gas exchange for living stem and root cells are called ________. | Lenticels |
Created by:
cmccartney2
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