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Developmental Bio 1

Exam 1 for Developmental Biology (lectures 1-8)

TermDefinition
Cleavage Rapid mitotic division following fertilization, divides embryo without increasing mass.
Alternative splicing Different sets of exons are spliced together to generate different mRNAs and therefore create different proteins.
Gastrulation Movement of embryo's blastomeres to create three different germ layers
Germ Layers Endoderm, Mesoderm, Exoderm. Form all body tissues except for germ cells.
Genomic Equivalence Every cell in an organism has the same DNA.
RNA Polymerase II Binds to DNA promoter and catalyzes transcription of RNA template from DNA when activated.
Heterochromatin Remains condensed through most of cell cycle, replicates later than rest of chromatin. Transcriptionally INACTIVE.
Reporter Gene product is readily identifiable and not usually made in cells of interest (GFP and beta-galactosidase)
Embryonic Stem Cells pluripotent mammalian stem cells that can form all cell types of body; found in inner cell mass blastomeres.
Morpholino Antisense oligonucleotide against an mRNA used to inhibit protein expression.
RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) Complex containing several proteins and a microRNA that bind to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of messages and inhibit translation.
animal cap in amphibians, roof of blastocoel in animal hemisphere.
archenteron primitive gut of sea urchin blastula
Beta Catenin Protein. Can act as anchor for cadherins for as transcription factor. Important in animal germ cell layer specification.
Blastomere cleavage-stage cell resulting from mitosis.
Blastopore Invagination site where gastrulation begins. Anus in deuterostomes, mouth in protostomes.
Blastula early stage embryo. Sphere of cells surrounding the blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity)
Centrolecithal egg with yolk in center and undergoes superficial cleavage.
Deep Cells zebrafish blastula cell population between EVL and YSL that give rise to embryo proper.
Egg Jelly glycoprotein layer outside vitelline envelope of egg. used to attract sperm.
Epithelium Epithelial cells in tight network on basement membrane, forms sheet or tube with little extracellular matrix.
Filopodia long, thin, protrusions from migrating mesenchymal cells.
Holoblastic Entire egg cell divided into smaller cells, seen in frogs and mammals.
Induction One cell population influencing other cell populations via close-range interactions.
Ingression Migration of individual cells into embryo interior, cells become mesenchymal (seperate) and migrate independently.
Invaginate Infolding of a region of cells (like a ball you poke)
Involution inward movement of expanding outer layer so it spreads over internal surface of remaining external cells.
Macromeres Larger cells generated by asymmetrical cleavage.
Micromeres Small cells generated by asymmetrical cleavage.
Morphogenic determinants Transcription factors or mRNAs that influence cellular development
Noggin Soluble BMP antagonist that blocks BMP signalling.
Paracrine factor Secreted protein that affects the cellular behavior of neighboring cells and tissues.
Primary embryonic induction process by which dorsal axis and CNS forms through interactions with underlying mesoderm.
Vegetal plate Area of thickened cells at vegetal pole of sea urchin embryo.
Yolk plug Large endodermal cells that remain exposed on vegetal surface surrounded by the blastopore of amphibian gastrulating embryo.
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