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chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| evolution | change in species over time |
| species | group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| fossils | trace of an organism from the past |
| catastrophism | theory that states that natural disasters such as floods and volcanic eruptions shaped earth's landforms and caused extinction of some species |
| gradualism | principle that states that the changes in landforms result from slow changes over a long period of time |
| uniformitarianism | theory that states that the geological processes that shape Earth are uniform through time |
| variation | differences in physical traits of an individual from the group to which it belongs |
| Charles Darwin | believed in natural selection |
| Cuvier | believed that catastrophes shaped the earth |
| Lamarck | proposed that organisms evolved towards perfection |
| Linnaeus | created classification system called binomial nomenclature |
| Hutton | his idea was gradualism which means changes in landforms happen slowly over time |
| Lyell | geological processes that shape earth are the same throughout time |
| adaptation | inherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment |
| artificial selection | process by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits |
| heritability | ability of a trait to be passed from one generation to the next |
| natural selection | mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals |
| fitness | measure of an organisms ability to survive and produce offspring relative |
| population | all of the individuals of a species that live in the same area |
| overproduction | when organisms have more offspring than can survive |
| biogeography | study of the distribution of organisms around the world |
| homologous structure | body part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different functions |
| analogous structure | body part that is similar in function as a body part of another organism but is structurally different |
| vestigial structure | remnants of an organ or structure that functioned in an earlier ancestor |
| paleontology | study of fossils or extinct organisms |
| Buffon | proposed that organisms shared ancestors instead of arising separately |
| Erasmus Darwin | all living things were descended from common ancestor and that more complex life arose from less complex life |
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