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Chapter 43
Immune System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A primary reason for needing a new vaccine for influenza each year is that _____. | mutation in the influenza virus is frequent |
| Innate immunity | is activated immediately upon infection. |
| Acidity in human sweat is an example of | Innate immunity |
| Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except: macrophages. dendritic cells. natural killer cells. neutrophils. | natural killer cells. |
| An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is | histamine. |
| The eyes and the respiratory tract are both protected against infections by | the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces. |
| Antihistamine treatment reduces | blood vessel dilation. |
| The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are | the mast cells and the histamines. |
| Inflammatory responses typically include | increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. |
| Bacteria entering the body through a small cut in the skin | activate a group of proteins called complement. |
| An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes | lysozyme. |
| Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing | redness, heat, and swelling. |
| Adaptive immunity depends on | pathogen-specific recognition. |
| A key part of the humoral immune response is | the production of antibodies by plasma cells. |
| The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to | antigens. |
| An epitope is | that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor. |
| Clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of | short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen. |
| Antigens are | foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. |
| Clonal selection is an explanation for how | an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. |
| Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of | memory cells |
| The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to | distinguish self from non-self |
| An immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of whatever class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L, has a light chain made up of | one C region and one V region. |
| Immunological memory accounts for | the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased. |
| The function of antibodies is to | mark pathogenic cells for destruction. |
| This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends | passive immunity |
| The primary function of humoral immunity is | to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. |
| Yearly vaccination of humans for influenza viruses is necessary because | rapid mutation of flu virus |
| The transfusion of type A blood to a person who has type O blood would result in | the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells. |
| Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells? | B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. |
| Preventing the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack would be the likely result of | blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells. |
| A patient complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with | antihistamines. |
| Adaptive immunity depends on | pathogen-specific recognition. |
| The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells involves | cytotoxic T cells. |
| The complement system is | a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion. |
| The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to | DNA rearrangment |
| The activation of helper T cells is likely | when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. |
| Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its | Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides |
| Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other | in their heavy-chain structure. |
| A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a | helper T-cell |
| IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. | III → IV → II → I → V |
| Extracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in body fluids are attacked by _____. | antibodies from plasma cells |
| B cells were originally isolated from the bursa in chickens, and their function is to produce antibodies; T cells were originally isolated from the thymus in mice, and their functions include killing host cells that are being infected with a virus. | True |
| What is the final step in the cell-mediated response to a viral infection? | Cytotoxic T lymphocytes punch holes in the membranes of infected host cells |
| Which protein presents viral antigens on the outer surface of cells? | MHC protein. |
| How are cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) produced? | CD8+ T cells divide and differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes. |
| How does an antihistamine reduce allergy symptoms? | An antihistamine blocks receptors for inflammatory chemicals released from granules within mast cells |
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