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Chapter 44

Osmoregulation and Excretion

QuestionAnswer
Terrestrial animals are _____. osmoregulators that must obtain water from the environment
Birds, insects, and many reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid, which _____. reduces water loss compared to other nitrogenous wastes, but requires more metabolic energy to produce
Freshwater fish excrete nitrogenous wastes as _____. ammonia
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment. isoosmotic; saltwater
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are isoosmotic.
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is seawater in a tidal pool.
Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands.
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion.
Urea is produced in the liver from NH3 and CO2.
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? uric acid
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
Among vertebrate animals, urea s made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.
The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is uric acid.
Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that urea is less toxic than ammonia.
The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is uric acid.
Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion? uric acid.
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of proteins and nucleic acids.
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? selective reabsorption
Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in flatworms.
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of protonephridia.
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of metanephridia.
Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid? insects and birds
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the kidneys of vertebrates.
Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in the vasa recta.
The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from the collecting duct.
Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate.
The osmolarity of human urine can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma.
A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps.
If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along the distal tubule.
After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as renin.
After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells.
Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species? a mouse species living in a desert
The typical osmolarity of human blood is 300 mosm/L.
Osmoregulation and excretion are _____. mechanisms that maintain volume and composition of body fluids
Aldosterone is _____. a steroid hormone that reduces the amount of fluid excreted in the urine
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