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Chapter 45
Hormones and the Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All hormones | are carried to target cells in the blood. |
| Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of | an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal. |
| Which category of signal exerts its effects on target cells by binding to membrane-bound receptor proteins? | neurohormones |
| A paracrine signal that relaxes smooth muscle cells is | nitric oxide. |
| Prostaglandins are local regulators whose chemical structure is derived from | fatty acids |
| The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that | only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors. |
| Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because | a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways. |
| Insect hormones and their receptors | are a focus in pest-control research. |
| Endocrine glands that are sources of steroid hormones | have a very short latency between steroid synthesis and steroid release. |
| For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, | negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion. |
| In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X, | an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. |
| Oxytocin secretion and milk release from the mammary glands of lactating female mammals are initiated by _____. | he physical sensation of the baby sucking at the nipple |
| During short-term starvation, most available fuel molecules are catabolized to provide energy for metabolism rather than being used as building blocks for growth and repair, a trade-off that is hormonally regulated by | glucagon. |
| The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in | a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus. |
| Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the | hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. |
| If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the | kidney. |
| To prevent insect pests from maturing into reproducing adults, pest controllers use synthetic agonists of | juvenile hormone. |
| In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are | prolactin and oxytocin. |
| Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the | hypothalamus. |
| The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is | ecdysteroid. |
| Iodine is added to table salt to help prevent deficiencies of an essential mineral needed for the proper function of the | thyroid glands. |
| Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of | the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine. |
| The endocrine glands include the | parathyroid glands. |
| The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), an increase in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by | calcitonin. |
| Linkage to membrane-bound receptor proteins on target cells activates the typical actions of the | pancreatic hormones. |
| A chemical signal that has both endocrine and neural roles is | epinephrine. |
| The autonomic nervous system includes an endocrine gland known as the | adrenal medulla. |
| In response to stress, the adrenal gland promotes the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates via the action of the steroid hormone | cortisol. |
| Melatonin is secreted by | the pineal gland during the night. |
| After eating a carbohydrate-rich meal, the mammalian pancreas increases its secretion of | insulin. |
| Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the | anterior pituitary gland. |
| Testosterone is an example of | an androgen. |
| Estradiol is an example of | an estrogen. |
| Epinephrine is an example of | a catecholamine |
| Shortly after ingesting a big plate of carbohydrate-rich pasta, you measure your blood's hormone levels. What results would you expect, compared to before the meal? | high insulin, low glucagon |
| A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's | target cell. |
| Nitric oxide and epinephrine | both function as neurotransmitters. |
| The hypothalamus | includes neuronal cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary. |
| Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity? | the pancreas |
| True or false? For a signal transduction pathway to be activated, hormones must be present in the bloodstream at very high concentrations. | False |
| True or false? Lipid-insoluble hormones affect their target cells by binding to receptors inside the cell. | False |
| During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of | a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop. |
| Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____. | association with a cell's plasma membrane |
| Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone? | epinephrine and oxytocin |
| How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones? | nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways |
| Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____. | the nucleus |
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