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Musculo self-learn
Ch 12 - alterations in musculoskeletal fxn
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a fracture? | A break in the continuity of a bone |
| What are the classifications of fractures (there are 6 types)? | complete or incomplete, closed or open, comminuted, linear, oblique, spiral |
| Bone tissue destruction triggers ______ | an inflammatory response |
| A broken bone can cause damage to _____, _____, and ______, resulting in the formation of ____ | surrounding tissue, the periosteum, and the blood vessels in the cortex & marrow = hematoma formation |
| What are the manifestations of bone fractures (there are 7)? | unnatural alignment, swelling, muscle spasm, tenderness, pain, impaired sensation & possible muscle spasm |
| What are the treatments for bone fractures? What is the risk? | Closed manipulation, traction and open reduction. Risk of fat embolism during manipulation |
| A life threatening complication of severe muscle trauma w/ muscle cell loss is called _____ | rhabdomyolysis (myoglobinuria) |
| Causes of rhabdomyolysis are (there are 11): | meds, toxins, trauma, heat related, ischemic, exertional, genetic, infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, endocrine |
| "Porous bone" or poorly mineralized bone is known as ______, which causes the reduction of ______ | osteoporosis; bone density |
| Causes of osteoporosis are (there are 8): | genetic, hormonal, metabolic, dietary, life style, drugs, illness, disease |
| Osteomyelitis is often caused by ______ | staphylococcal infection |
| Most common cause of osteomyelitis is ______, but it can also be caused by _____ | open wound (exogenous); can also be caused by blood-borne (endogenous) infection |
| What are the manifestations of osteomyelitis (there are 4)? | acute & chronic inflammation, fever, pain, necrotic bone |
| What are the treatments for osteomyelitis (there are 4)? | antibiotics, debridement, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
| What is also referred to a degenerative joint disease (DJD) & is an age related disorder of the synovial joints? | osteoarthritis |
| Osteoarthritis is defined as _____ | degeneration & loss of articular cartilage, sclerosis of bone underneath cartilage, & formation of bone spurs (osteophytes) |
| Osteoarthritis is characterized by _____ | loss & damage of articular cartilage, especially in load bearing areas; new bone formation of joint margins; subchondral bone changes; & variable degrees of mild synovitus & thickening of the joint capsule |
| Osteoarthritis is manifested as _____ (there are 6) | pain, stiffness, enlargement of the joint, tenderness, limited motion & deformity |
| Inflammatory joint disease is commonly known as ______ | arthritis |
| Arthritis is characterized by ______ | inflammatory damage or destruction in the synovial membrane or articular cartilage & by systemic signs of inflammation (fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, & hyperfibrinogenemia) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is ______, and it has similar symptoms to _______ | systemic autoimmune damage to connective tissue, primarily in the joints (synovial membrane); osteoarthritis |
| Which antibodies against antibodies are present in rheumatoid arthritis? | IgG & IgM |
| What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (there are 8)? | rest, hot/cold, PT, anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), surgery |
| Evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis includes the presence of 4 or more of what symptoms? | morning joint stiffness lasting at least 1 hr, arthritis of 3 or more joint areas, arthritis of the hand joints, symmetric arthritis, rheumatoid nodules, abnormal amounts of serum rheumatoid factor, radiographic changes |
| Ankylosing spondylitis is defined as ______ | inflammatory joint disease of the spine or sacroiliac joint causing stiffening & fusion of the joints |
| Ankylosing spondylitis in the _____ or ____ will make these patients difficult to intubate | neck or upper thoracic spine |
| At what age is the onset of ankylosing spondylitis? What are the symptoms | Disease can begin in the 20s; low back pain, stiffness, pain & restricted motion |
| Patients w/ ankylosing spondylitis develop loss of _______ | normal lumbar curvature |
| Where does ankylosing spondylitis begin? What does the disease do to joints? | Begins w/ inflammation of fibrocartilage, particularly in the vertebrae & sacroiliac joint. As repair begins, the scar tissue ossifies & calcifies; the joint eventually fuses |
| What is the treatment for ankylosing spondylitis? | exercise to maintain mobility, NSAIDs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), surgery |
| Scoliosis is defined as: | A rotational curvature of the spine. A gradual, progressive, rotational deformity of the thoracic spine |
| How is scoliosis labeled? What are the labels? | Labeled according to age of onset. Labels: infantile, juvenile, adolescent |
| What is the treatment for scoliosis? | Between 25-35 degrees = brace. At 40-50 degrees = surgical correction (Harrington rod, evoked potentials vs "wake up" test) |
| Muscular dystrophy is defined as ______ | A group of disorders that cause degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Muscular dystrophy causes _______ | Causes progressive, symmetric weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle groups |
| Muscular dystrophy may be associated with _______ | mental retardation |
| The most common of the muscular dystrophies is _______ | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy |
| How is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy inherited? | X-linked recessive inheritance |
| Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene encodes for ______, which mediates _______ | dystrophin protein; mediates the anchorage of the actin cytoskeleton of the skeletal muscle fiber to the basement membrane |
| When do manifestations of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy begin to appear? | between 3-5 years of age |
| Children with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy may climb up their legs, which is called ______, due to ______ | Gower sign; due to weakness of lumbar & gluteal muscles |
| Manisfestations of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy include (there are 8): | slow motor development, progressive weakness, muscle wasting, sitting & standing are delayed; the child is clumsy & falls frequently, difficulty climbing stairs, waddling gait, Gower sign (climbing up their legs) |
| "Benign Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy" is called _______ | Becker Muscular Dystrophy |
| When do manifestations of Becker Muscular Dystrophy begin to appear? | clincal symptoms start at 5-15 years of age |
| Giving succinylcholine to someone with muscular dystrophy may provoke ______. ______ may be life saving during resuscitation | a massive hyperkalemic episode that manifests as cardiac arrest. Calcium may be life saving |
| In muscular dystrophy induction levels of inhalation agents may provoke ______ | severe cardiac depression including cardiac arrest due to cardiodepressant effects |
Created by:
Thommy413
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