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Blood Banking 2 PR
Practice test for 2nd Blood banking exam - post review - DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cellular immunity deals with which kinds of blood cells? | T cells (Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.) |
| Humoral immunity deals with which kinds of blood cells? | B cells (Humoral immunity is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins and certain antimicrobial peptides.) |
| Partial antigens that require a carrier molecule to elicit an immune response are called ? | haptens |
| The part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells, is known as an ? | epitope |
| Antigens that belong in the body, known as "self antigens," are called __ antigens. | autologous |
| Foreign antigens that do not belong in the body are called __ antigens. | allogeneic |
| What activates the classical pathway of complement? | antibodies |
| B cells that produce most of our antibodies are known as ? | plasma cells |
| B cells the respond rapidly to immunogens that have infected the body before and that transform into plasma cells are called ? | memory cells |
| __ are the best immunogens, followed by __, due to their composition and chemical complexity. | 1. proteins are the best 2. carbohydrates are the 2nd best |
| The greater the __ of the immunogen, the greater the immune response. | foreignness |
| The (bigger of smaller?) the immonugen, the greater the immune response. | bigger |
| The greater the __ of a blood transfusion, the greater the response. | dosage |
| The route of __ also contributes to immunogenicity. | administration |
| Name 2 routes of administration that are very likely to produce an immune response. | 1. intramuscular 2. intravenous (like a blood transfusion) |
| Name the 5 factors that contribute to immunogenicity. | 1. complexity/composition 2. foreignness 3. size 4. dosage 5. path of administration |
| What are the 5 antibody classes? | IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE |
| Which antibody can cross the placenta? | IgG |
| Which antibody is better at activating complement: IgM or IgG? | IgM, but IgG can also activate complement |
| Which antibody is a pentamer? | IgM |
| Which antibody has a J-chain: IgM or IgG? | IgM |
| Which antibody exists in greater number in the blood: IgM or IgG? | IgG |
| Which pathway is activated by IgM or (less effectively) IgG? | classical pathway |
| In lab testing, how can IgM antibodies best be detected? | IS (immediate spin) |
| In lab testing, how can IgG antibodies best be detected? | antiglobulin test |
| Which antibody works best at room temperature: IgM or IgG? | IgM |
| Which antibody works at body temperature: IgM or IgG? | IgG |
| Which antibody reacts strongest to a first time infection by an immunogen: IgM or IgG? | IgM (this is called a primary response) |
| Which antibody reacts strongest to a 2nd time infection by an immunogen: IgM or IgG? | IgG (this is called a secondary response) |
| The primary (IgM) response has a lag phase of how long? | 5-10 days |
| The secondary (IgG) response has a lag phase of how long? | 1-3 days |
| __ measures the strength of interaction between an epitope and an antibody’s antigen binding site. | Affinity |
| __ gives a measure of the OVERALL strength of an antibody-antigen complex. It measures the affinity of all the points of attachment. | Avidity |
| Antigens and antibodies combine to form an __ __. | immune complex |
| The strength of the binding between antigens and antibodies is determined by what 3 things? | 1. size of the antigen 2. shape of the antigen 3. charge of the antigen |
| In blood typing, remember that ANTIGENS are located on the __ while ANTIBODIES are found in the __. | 1. antigens found on RBCs 2. antibodies found in serum or plasma |
| Do in Vivo reactions happen in the body or in the lab? | in the body (think ViVo = live, or ViTro = Test Tube; v and v, t and t and t) |
| What are the 4 noncovalent forces that can bind an antigen to an antibody? | 1. ionic bonding 2. hydrogen bonding 3. hydrophobic bonding 4. van der Waals forces |
| Detecting antibodies/antigens in Vitro prevents reactions from happening where? | In Vivo (in the body) |
| Detecting antibodies/antigens in Vitro means that reactions have already __ in the body. | happened |
| When exposed to antigens from another member of the same species, sensitization can cause __ to form. | alloantibodies |
| What kind of test detects alloantibodies? | antibody screen test |
| While the classical pathway is activated by antibodies, the alternative pathway is activated by ? | foreign cell constituents, like those found on bacteria |
| In vitro antigen-antibody reactions are detectable when they cause visible __. | agglutination |
| What are the 2 steps of agglutination? | 1. sensitization 2. lattice formation |
| When antibodies bind to antigens, has agglutination occurred? | No. This is just sensitization, or step one of agglutination. |
| You need a __ for visible agglutination to form. | lattice (2nd step in agglutination) |
| You need more than __ RBC to see agglutination. | one |
| Name 4 factors that affect sensitization. | 1. temp 2. incubation time 3. pH 4. ionic strength |
| Name 3 factors that affect lattice formation. | 1. zeta potential 2. zone of equivalence 3. centrifugation |
| The distance between cells caused by charged ions is called ? | zeta potential |
| When antigen and antibody concentrations are equal, they have created a ? | zone of equivalence |
| __ in the lab brings cells closer together. | centrifugation |
| The minimum temp to get IgM antibodies to work is about ? | 22C |
| What pH is best when trying to get agglutination to occur? | 7 |
| The strength of __ bonds can be adjusted with reagents. | ionic |
| What, besides agglutination, can indicate an antigen-antibody reaction has occurred? | hemolysis |
| Hemolysis tells us that an antigen-antibody reactions has occurred because __ activate complement, and complement leads to hemolysis. | antibodies |
| How would you grade an agglutination reaction (from 0 to 4+) where RBCs can be seen flowing off the read cell button? | 0 |
| How would you grade an agglutination reaction (from 0 to 4+) where several large agglutinates can be seen against a clear background? | 3+ |
| How would you grade an agglutination reaction (from 0 to 4+) where many medium-sized agglutinates can be against a clear background? | 2+ |
| How would you grade an agglutination reaction (from 0 to 4+) where medium and small-sized agglutinates can be seen against a turbid background with many free RBCs? | 1+ |
| How would you grade an agglutination reaction (from 0 to 4+) where a single, solid button of RBCs has formed against a clear background? | 4+ |
| Reagent antisera contain antibodies or antigens? | antibodies (HINT: remember that antibodies are in the serum) |
| Reagent RBCs contain antibodies or antigens? | antigens (RBCs have antigens) |
| What is the purpose of ABO/D typing? | To detect A, B, and D ANTIGENS. |
| What is the source of the antigen used when ABO/D typing? | The patient's RBCs. |
| What is the source of the antibody used when ABO/D typing? | Commercial ANTI-sera containing anti-A, anti-B, antib-D. |
| What is another way of describing ABO/D typing? | Front or forward typing |
| ABO serum testing is also known as ? | reverse typing |
| What is the purpose of ABO serum testing, also called reverse typing? | Detection of ABO antibodies. (Remember that serum has antibodies.) |
| What is the source of the antigen used when ABO serum testing, or reverse typing? | Reverse grouping cells |
| What is the source of the antibody used when ABO serum testing, or reverse typing? | Patient's serum OR plasma |
| So when comparing front and reverse typing, pretty much everything that is true of front typing is __ in reverse typing. | reversed |
| What is the purpose of an antibody screen? | Detect antibodies with specificity to RBC antigens |
| What is the source of the antigen used when performing an antibody screen? | screening cells |
| What is the source of the antibody used when performing an antibody screen? (Remember, we are looking for patient antibodies.) | Patient's serum or plasma |
| Panel cells use __ vials, compared to the __ vials used by kits for screening cells. | panel = 10, screening = 2 |
| Polyclonal reagents recognize __ epitopes. | multiple |
| Monoclonal reagents recognize __ epitopes. | single, or a single epitope. |
| Monoclonal antibodies (and reagents) and very __. | specific |
| Examples of monclonal antibodies include waht 3 things? | 1. anti-A 2. anti-c 3. anti-IgG |
| Name one example of polyclonal antibody reagents. | antihuman globulin (AHG) |
| One way to think of remember how to type someone's blood when looking at results of front AND reverse typing is? | Front first: the front type tells you what the blood type should be. Opposite reverse: If the results of the reverse typing are the opposite of the front typing, then the results of the front typing test are confirmed. |
| What is the source of the antibody used when performing an antibody screen? | Patient's serum or plasma |
| Which kind of antibodies are produced by a single clone of antibody producing B cells? | monoclonal |
| Which kind of antibodies are a mixture of IgM and IgG antibodies? | polyclonal |
| Which kind of antibodies are secreted by several different clones of antibody producing B cells? | polyclonal |
| Anti-A's reaction to A antigens will be positive or negative? | positive |
| Anti-B's reaction to A antigens will be positive or negative? | negative |
| A reverse grouping test shows that a patient's blood is B positive, but A1 negative. This means the patient should have what blood type? | A |
| If a patient is ABO positive for A and B antigens, his blood type is ? | AB |
| ABO blood typing is performed in the __ phase. | immediate-spin (IS) |
| When confirming an ABO blood typing, the confirmation test checks for A and B __. | antibodies |
| Anti-A is what color? | blue |
| Anti-B is what color? | yellow |
| Anti-AB is what color? | clear |
| Screening cells are used in __ screen tests. | antibody |
| A __ reagent control ensures that a false-positive result has not occurred when testing for the D antigen. | negative |
| When reverse typing (or ABO serum testing) a positive reaction both A and B antibodies means the patient is type ? | O |
| Each lot of screening cells come with an __ that shows the antigen profile. | antigram |
| The blood type of screening cells (which are RBCs) is always type ? | O |
| Panel cells are used for identifying __. | antibodies |
| When Rh typing, the controls are always __. | negative |
| Panel cells are similar to screening cells, but the kits contain? | 10 or more vials instead of just 2 or 3 |
| Antiglobulin testing is direct or indirect? | either |
| What sort of antibody is used when antiglobulin testing? | anti-IgG |
| When antiglobulin testing, a commercial antibody with a specificity toward __ __ is used to agglutinate antibody-coated RBCs. | human globulins |
| DAT stands for ? | direct antiglobulin test |
| DATs detect __ or __ bound to RBCs in vivio. | IgG or complement |
| When performing a DAT, AHG reagent is added after the RBCs have been __. | washed |
| What does agglutination demonstrate in a DAT? | that IgG or complement has attached to the RBCs |
| DAT tells us the IgG is attaching ? | in-vivo, or in the body |
| Any condition in the blood that causes IgG or C3 to bind to blood cells will cause a __ DAT reaction. | positive |
| A Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) detects antibodies or complement coating patient's cells in vivo. True or false. | true |
| Which kind of test uses a 37C incubation step so antibodies in serum can react with antigens on cells in vitro after washing? | Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) |
| What are the differences between IAT and DAT? | 1. IAT works in vitro, while DAT works in vivo |
| How many sources of error can you name that can cause false readings during an antiglobulin test? | 1. use of dirty glassware 2. improper centrifugation 3. cells not washed correctly (#1 error) 4. testing is delayed 5. failure to add AGH reagent 6. loss of reagent activity |
| Polyspecific AHG contains anti-__ and anti-__ antibodies. | anti-IgG and anti-C3d antibodies |
| Monospecific AHG contains either anti-IgG OR anti-C3b/C3d, but not __. | both |
| Check cells are IgG __. | sensitized |
| Potentiators make test reactions work __. | better |
| Name 3 potentiators. | 1. antiglobulin reagents 2. LISS 3. PEG |
| __ __ work by causing cross-linking of IgG sensitized RBCs. | antiglobulin reagents |
| __ works by concentrating the antibody in the test environment in LISS. | PEG |
| __ works by increasing the rate of antibody uptake. | LISS |
| Type O red cells that have been coated with IgG antibodies used in blood testing are called ? | check cells |
| What allows antibody sensitized cells to move closer together than is possible with saline? | bovine serum albumin |
| Bovine serum albumin favors direct agglutination with __ antibodies. | Rh |
| Bovine serum albumin enhances sensitivity of ? | IAT |
| Seed or plant extracts that have specificity toward certain RBC antigens are called ? | lectins |
| Lectins bind to __ determinants of RBC antigens. | carbohydrate |
| When comparing gel testing results to determine blood type, the cells that fall to the bottom of the microtube are positive or negative? | negative |
| Large, unbroken agglutinates that remain at the top of gel microtubule represent a __ reaction. | 4+ |
| The observable expression of genetic traits is known as ? | phenotype |
| A person's actual genetic makeup is known as ? | genotype |
| Basic units of inheritance on a chromosome are called ? | genes |
| A __ is the site where a gene is located at a chromosome. | locus |
| __ are found at each locus. | alleles |
| Antigens produced by opposite alleles are __. | antithetical |
| Multiple alleles at a single locus are considered __. | polymorphic |
| A gene that is expressed only when inherited by both parents is called ? | recessive |
| A gene that is expressed over another gene is called ? | dominant |
| Equal expression of two different alleles is known as ? | codominant |
| What do you call genes that do not express a detectable product? | amorphic |
| A variation in antigen expression due to the number of alleles present is called ? | dosage |
| Which form of inheritance offers a stronger agglutination when blood typing: homozygous or heterozygous? | homozygous |
| Phenotype calculations are performed by ? | converting the percentages to decimals and multiplying them together. |
| What is the ABO genotype for group A? | AA, AO |
| What is the ABO genotype for group B? | BB, BO |
| What is the ABO genotype for group AB? | AB |
| What is the ABO genotype for group O? | OO |
| What antigens are found in people with type A blood? | type A |
| What antibodies are found in people with type A blood? | type B |
| If you have type A blood, you can safely receive blood from people who have what ABO blood types? | A and O |
| If you have type A blood, people with what blood types can safely accept a transfusion from you? | A |
| What antigens are found in people with type O blood? | no blood antigens |
| What antibodies are found in people with type O blood? | A and B |
| For a person who is Blood group B, what is the: 1) Antigens on the RBC 2) Antibodies in serum 3) Blood Group Frequency | For a Blood Group B person, 1) Antigen is B 2) Antibodies are Anti-A 3) 10% |
| For a person who is Blood group A, what is the: 1) Antigens on the RBC 2) Antibodies in serum 3) Blood Group Frequency | For Blood Group A 1) Antigen is A 2) Antibodies is Anti-B 3) 40% |
| For a person who is Blood group AB, what is the: 1) Antigens on the RBC 2) Antibodies in serum 3) Blood Group Frequency | For a Blood Group AB person, 1) Antigen is AB 2) NO Antibodies in the serum 3) 5% |
| For a person who is Blood group O, what is the: 1) Antigens on the RBC 2) Antibodies in serum 3) Blood Group Frequency | For a Blood Group O person, 1) They have no antigen on the RBC 2) They have both Anti-A and Anti-B 3) 45% |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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