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AP Bio
Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Evolution | Descent with modification. |
| fossils | The remains or traces of organisms long dead and buried. |
| Strata | Rock layers |
| Paleontology | The study of fossils |
| Catastrophism | Cuvier's theory to explain why organisms changed and disappeared over time. The idea that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different than those operating in the present. |
| Uniformitarianism | Charles Lyell's principle which states that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Geological basis. |
| Adaptations | Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproductive rates in specific environments. |
| Homologous structures | Variations on a central theme. |
| Vestigial structures | Remnants of features that served an organism's ancestors, but have no current use. |
| Convergent evolution | Independent evolution of similar features |
| Endemic | Found nowhere else in the world |
| Microevolution | Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. |
| Average heterozygosity | The average percent of loci that are heterozygous in the genome of a given species. |
| Geographic variation | Differences in the genetic composition of separate populations |
| Cline | Graded change in character along a geographic axis. |
| Mutation | Change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle | 1. No mutations 2. Random mating 3. No natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow |
| Genetic drift | Chance events cause allele frequencies to shift from one generation to the next |
| Bottleneck effect | The gene pool of a population looses variety due to a drastic decrease in numbers. |
| Directional selection | A phenotype is favored |
| Disruptive selection | Conditions favor individuals at the extremes of the phenotypic range. |
| Stabilizing selection | Trends toward the middle. |
| Sexual dimorphism | Changes in sexual characteristics not directly related to reproduction or survival |
| Balancing selection | Occurs when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a population |
| Heterozygote advantage | When heterozygotes have an advantage over the homozygotes of a given trait |
| Frequency-dependent selection | The fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in a population |
| Neutral variation | Variations which have no advantage or disadvantage for the organism |
| Macroevolution | The broad pattern of evolution over many lifespans |
| Biological species concept | A group of populations who CAN interbreed and birth fertile young |
| Reproductive isolation | Biological factors that prevent two species from reproducing together |
| Hybrids | Organisms that result from inter-specific mating |
| Prezygotic barriers | Prevent fertilization from occurring when members of two species meet |
| Allopatric speciation | Separated by geography |
| Sympatric speciation | Separated by something other than geography (sexual selection, habitat differentiation) |
| polyploidy | Extra set of chromosomes |
| Reinforcement | The continued divergence into two species |
| Punctuated equilibria | Periods of no change in a species followed by sudden change |
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