Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Microbiology Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotes have... | NO NUCLEUS |
| eukaryotes have... | true nucleus |
| what is a pair of bacteria? | diplococci |
| what is a chain of bacteria? | streptococci |
| what is a grape like cluster of bacteria? | staphylococci |
| what are angled pairs or palisades of bacteria? | corynebacteria |
| gram positive bacteria is... | more susceptible to penicillins, have a thicker peptidoglycan later or cell wall |
| gram negative bacteria is... | complex outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide, have periplasmic space, endotoxins |
| where does the periplasmic space lie between in gram negative bacteria? | outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane |
| what happens when flagella spin clockwise? | bacteria move forward or run |
| what happens when flagella spin counter clockwise? | bacteria tumble |
| which is firmly attached to the cell wall and which is not firmly attached to the cell wall (outer covering of bacteria) | glycocalyx is not attached, capsule is attached |
| mycoplasmas are... | bacteria that do not posses cell walls |
| L-form bacteria are | bacteria that may totally or partially lack cell walls |
| spheroplasts are | derived from gram negative bacteria |
| protoplasts are | derived from gram positive bacteria |
| where is the cytoplasmic membrane located? | lies just inside the peptidoglycan later of the cell wall |
| nutrition requirements for bacterial growth (C. HOPKiNS CaFe Mg) | carbone, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfate, calcium, iron, magnesium |
| what is an autotroph? | use carbon dioxide as their carbon source, producers of their own energy, take CO2 and pull off the oxygen and incorporate it into their body |
| what is a photoautotroph? | energy from light and carbon from CO2 |
| what is a chemoautotroph? | energy from inorganic compounds |
| what is a heterotroph? | consumers of energy from other sources, take glucose and pull off a carbon |
| what is a photoheterotroph? | energy from light and carbon from organic compounds |
| what is a chemheteroptroph? | energy and carbon from organic compounds |
| what are the stages for bacteria growth cycle? | lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline or cell death phase |
| what happens during lag phase? | bacteria do not divide immediately but undergo a period of adaptation with vigorous metabolic activity |
| what happens during log phase? | rapid cell division occurs, determined by the environmental conditions |
| what happens during stationary phase? | nutrient depletion or toxic products cause growth to slow until the number of new cells produced balances the number of cells that die |
| what happens during decline or cell death phase | marked by a decline in the number of live bacteria |
| what are mesophiles | grow well between 25-40 degrees or body temperature |
| what are thermophiles | grow well between 55-80 degrees, hotter temperature |
| what are psychrophiles? | grow well at temperatures below 20 degrees or colder temperatures |
| what does energy production generate in the presence of air? | hydrogen peroxide and free radical superoxide |
| what does superoxide dismutase do? | enzyme that breaks down the superoxide radical into hydrogen peroxide (still toxic to the cell) |
| what does catalase do? | converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen which is no harmless to the cell |
| what is an aerobic bacteria? | can grow in the presence of oxygen will have the presence of dismutase and catalase |
| what is a obligate aerobe? | oxygen is essential for it's growth |
| what is a microaerophile? | grows well under low oxygen concentration |
| what is a capnophillic bacteria? | likes a little CO2 to grow |
| what is an anaerobic bacteria? | can grow in the absence of oxygen |
| what is an aeotolerant anaerobe? | cannot use oxygen for growth but tolerate the presence of it will have superoxide dismutase present |
| what is an obligate anaerobe? | only grows in the absence of oxygen, will have neither enzymes |
| what is a facultative anaerobe? | grows in the presence of absence of oxygen |
| what is a transition? | purine (A-G) transfers to the other base G goes to A or A goes to G |
| what is a transversion? | purine transfers to a pyrimidine A or G goes to C or T |
| what is a deletion | get different amino acids because you change the reading frame that encodes the protein |
| what is insertion | insertion of additional piece of DNA, different reading frame encodes a different protein which may have different function |
| what are the types of mutations found on protein products? | silent, missense, nonsense |
| what is a silent mutation? | change the DNA sequence but you don't change the amino acid in the protein |
| what is a missense mutation? | change one of the DNA codon but it makes a different amino acid in the protein that may or may not have an effect |
| what is a nonsense mutation? | mutation encodes a stop codon for the ribosomes so the protein is termined |
| what are the three types of gene transfer? | transformation, transduction, conjucation |
| what happens in transformation? | transfer of exogenous bacterial DNA from one cell to another occurs when dying bacteria release their DNA which is then taken up by the recipient cells and recombined with the recipient cell DNA |
| what happens in transduction? | DNA transferred by means of bacterial virus or bacteriophage piece of bacterial DNA is incorporated accidentally into bacteriophage |
| what happens in conjugation? | mating of two bacteria during which DNA is transferred from the donor to the recipient cell |
| what are transposon genes? | can move from one DNA site to another thereby inactivating the recipient gene and conferring new traits |
| viruses are... | obligate intracellular parasites |
| what is viral adsorption? | the virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to the cell receptors |
| what is viral penetration? | virus is engulfed into a vesicle and its envelope is uncoated to free viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm |
| prions are | abnormal protein found in the tissue cannot be killed by autoclaving |
| what is virulence | degree of pathogenicity, how fast it infects |
| what is infective dose? | how much of the pathogen does it take to give you an infection |
| what is a frank pathogen? | every time you see it its a pathogen |
| what is a opportunistic pathogen | pathogen that will infect given the chance |
| what is a latent pathogen | pathogens that disappear and go away hiding |
| what is an endemic disease? | disease that is associated with a given area infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period in a particular geographic local |
| what is an epidemic disease? | increased rate of disease in a period of time statistics indicate that the number of new cases of an endemic or sporadic disease is increasing beyond what is expected for that population |
| what is a pandemic disease? | disease that goes around the world spread of an epidemic across continents |
| what is a subclinical disease? | people handling the infection and it does not progress disease does not manifest and you show no symptoms |
| what is the infection process? | portal of entry, adhesion, invasion, multiplication, infection of target, disease, portal of exit |
| what is the four stages of acute infection | incubation, prodromal, period of invasion, convalescents |
| what happens during incubation period | time between the acquisition of the organism or the toxin and the commencement of symptoms |
| what happens during prodromal period | non specific symptoms such as fever malaise and loss of appetite appear |
| what happens during period of invasion | characteristic signs and symptoms of the disease are evident during this period |
| what happens during convalescents period | the illness subsides and the patient returns to health during this final stage |
| what are exotoxins? | released from the microbe and target other areas of the body |
| what are endotoxins? | lipopilysaccharide, part of the gram negative cell wall released when the cell blows apart the LPS stimulates compliment |
| what is a localized infection? | microbe enters the body and remains confined to a speciic tissue |
| what is a systemic infection | infection spreads throughout the body |
| what is a focal infection? | infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is disseminated into other tissue |
| what is a mixed infection? | several microbes establishing themselves simultaneously at the infection site, usually anaerobes and aerobes |
| what is a secondary infection? | when primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by a different microbe |
| what do antimicrobials target when they are targeting a unique structure of function? | ribosomes, cell walls, cell metabolism, DNA replication |
| what are the cell wall inhibitors? | penicillin, cephalosporins, vancomycin |
| what are the cell membrane inhibitors? | polymyxins |
| what are the DNA or RNA inhibitors? | quinofones (ciprofloxacin) rifampin |
| what inhibits 50s protein synthesis? | erythromycin, clinamycin, streptogramin (synercid) |
| what inhibits 30 S protein synthesis? | tetracycline |
| what inhibits metabolic pathway and products? | sulfanamides (sulfa drugs) |
| what are penicillins? | bacteriocidal, inhibits cell wall cross linking beta lactam ring required for activity |
| what is penicillin V? | oral drug that is acid resistant |
| what is penicillin G? | IV drug, necessary for quick action |
| what is ampicillin? | oral drug, affected by beta lactamses |
| what is amoxicillin | ampicillin and clavulanic acid |
| what is clavulanic acid | inhibits beta lactamses, made by resistant bacteria |
| what is methicillin? | narrow spectrum drug, resistant to beta lactamases staph |
| what are cephalosporins? | beta lactams 2nd and 3rd generation reserved for IV chemically snythesized |
| what are erythomycins? | macrolide, taken orally, bacteriostatic alternative to beta lactams for dental prophylaxis (gram positive cocci) |
| what are clindamycins? | lincosamide, bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis, good for anaerobes, used for endocarditis and prophylaxis can cause membrane in colon and massive diarrhea |
| what are tetracyclines | oral, bacteriostatc, interferes with protein synthesis, becomes concentrated in gingiva fluid, active against most oral bacteria |
| what are metronidazoles? | oral drug, bactericidal, inhibits DNA synthesis, active against anaerobes and parasites used to treat alcoholics |
| what are sulfonamides? | oral drug, bacteriostatic, inhibits bacterial folic acid snythesis |
| what are polynes? | antifungal agent, alters cell membrane fungal cell membrane is egosterol |
| what is nystain? | antifungal agent polyenes, toxic, used as topical, no GI absorption |
| what is amphotericin? | antigunfal agent polyenes, no GI absorption, used systemically because not toxic |
| what is azoles? | inhibits ergosterol, antifungal |
| what is miconazole | antifungal topical |
| what is ketoconazole | antifungal oral or topical |
| what is fluconazole | antifungal oral |
| what is acyclovir? | antiviral agent, blocks DNA replication, active against herpes |
Created by:
Chobchi
Popular Biology sets