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Bio Test 1
Chap. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today | Evolution |
| scientific study of life | Biology |
| subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles | Eukaryotic cells |
| DNA is not separated from the rest of the cell by enclosure in a membrane-bounded nucleus; much simpler and generally smaller; also lack the other kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles | Prokaryotic cells |
| chromosomes that contain almost all of the cell's genetic material; substance of genes; molecular structure accounts for its ability to store info | DNA |
| units of inheritance that transmit info from parents to offspring | Genes |
| are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases | Emergent Properties |
| an approach that attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts | System Biology |
| Biosphere, Ecosystem, Communities, Population, Organisms, Organs and Organ Systems, Organelles, Molecules, Tissues, and Cells | Levels of Biosphere |
| the entire process for which the info in a gene directs the production of a cellular product | Gene Expression |
| the entire 'library' of genetic info that an organism inherits | Genome |
| study of whole sets of genes of a species as well as comparing genomes between species | Genomics |
| the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods | Bioinformatics |
| the most common form of regulation in living system in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows that process | Negative Feedback |
| the least common form of regulation in living system in which the end product speeds up its own production | Positive Feedback |
| bacteria, archaea, and eukarya | Three Domains of Life |
| a mechanism of evolutionary adaptation because the natural environment 'selects' for the propagation of certain traits among naturally occurring variant traits in the population | Natural Selection |
| the way of knowing; an approach to understanding the natural world | Science |
| a search of info and explanation, often focuses on specific questions | Inquiry |
| recorded observations; items of info on which scientific inquiry is based | Data |
| collecting and analyzing observations that can lead to important conclusions | Inductive reasoning |
| a tentative answer to a well-framed question; an explanation on trial; usually a rational accounting for a set of observations | Hypothesis |
| generally used after the hypothesis has been developed and involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific | Deductive reasoning |
| much broader on scope than a hypothesis; general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested; generally supported by a much greater body of evidence | Theory |
| one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group | Controlled experiment |
| a species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated | Model organism |
| applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose | Technology |
| anything that takes up space and has mass | Matter |
| a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | Element |
| a substance consisting of two of more different elements combined in a fixed ratio | Compound |
| elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce | Essential elements |
| elements that an organism needs only in small quantities | Trace elements |
| smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element | Atom |
| where protons and neutrons are stored in the dense core of an atom | Atomic Nucleus |
| unit of measuring atoms and atomic particles | Dalton |
| the number of protons | Atomic Number |
| the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom | Mass Number |
| the total mass of an atom | Atomic Mass |
| one of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | Isotopes |
| an isotope who's nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | Radioactive isotopes |
| the capacity to cause change by doing work | Energy |
| the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure | Potential energy |
| an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom | Electron Shells |
| outermost electron shell | Valence Shells |
| outer electrons | Valence Electrons |
| the 3-dimentional space where where an electron is found 90% of the time | Orbital |
| interactions that usually result in atoms staying close together held by attractions | Chemical bonds |
| the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms | Covalent bonds |
| 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | Molecule |
| a pair of shared electrons | Single bond |
| the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms | Double bond |
| the bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost shell | Valence |
| the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | Electronegativity |
| a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity | Nonpolar covalent bond |
| a type of covalent bond in which atoms differ in electronegativity; the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive | Polar covalent bond |
| chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions | Ionic bonds |
| atom or atom group that has gained or lost one or more electrons | Ion |
| a positively charged ion | Cation |
| a negatively charged ion | Anion |
| compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond | ionic compounds |
| formed by an ionic compound | salts |
| weak chemical bond | hydrogen bond |
| a solution that contains a weak acid and a corresponding base; minimizes changes the pH when acids or bases are added to the solution | buffers |
| weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local particle changes | Van der Waals interactions |
| the making or breaking of chemical bonds, leading to the changes in the composition of matter | chemical reactions |
| starting material in a chemical reaction | reactants to the products |
| the state of which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and and products do not change with time | chemical equilibrium |
| a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity; the shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive | polar covalent bond |
| molecule with uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule | polar molecule |
| the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds | cohesion |
| the clinging of one substance to another | adhesion |
| measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | surface tension |
| energy in motion | kinetic energy |
| total amount of kinetic energy; thermal energy; energy in most random form | heat |
| a measure of the intensity of heat in degrees | temperature |
| freezing point of water at 0 degrees and boiling point of water at 100 degrees | celsius scale |
| the amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram by 1 degree Celsius | calorie |
| the amount of heat energy required to raise temp of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celcius | kilocalorie |
| a unit of energy | joule |
| amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temp | specific heat |
| quantity of heat liquid absorbs to reach gaseous state | heat of vaporization |
| the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation; molecules change from a liquid to a gaseous state | evaporative cooling |
| liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances | solution |
| the dissolving agent of a solution | solvent |
| substance dissolved in a solution | solute |
| a solution in which water is the solvent | aqueous solution |
| the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion | hydration shell |
| Water loving | hydrophilic |
| a mixture made up of a liquid and particles that remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid | colloid |
| Water hating | hydrophobic |
| the sum of all the masses of all the atoms of a molecule | molecular mass |
| number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in Daltons | mole |
| a common measure of solute concentration | molarity |
| the dissociation of a water molecule | hydrogen ion |
| a water molecule that has lost a proton | hydroxide ion |
| a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it | hydronium ion |
| a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | acid |
| a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution | base |
| a measure of hydrogen ion concentration that ranges on value from 0 to 14 | pH |
| decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels | ocean acidification |
| rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2 | acid precipitation |
| study of carbon compounds | organic chemistry |
| a organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen | hydrocarbon |
| one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties | isomers |
| one of several components that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds | cis-trans isomers |
| one of the two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon | enantiomers |
| a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and and involved in chemical reactions | functional groups |
| releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed | ATP |
| formed by dehydration reaction; include polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids | macromolecules |
| a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds | polymers |
| the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer | monomers |
| a chemical agent that serves as a catalyst | enzymes |
| chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule | dehydration reaction |
| a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between 2 molecules | hydrolysis |
| a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers | carbohydrate |
| simple sugars; also known as the simplest carbohydrate | monosaccharides |
| a double sugar | disaccharide |
| a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction | glycosidic linkage |
| a polymer made up of many monosaccharides | polysaccharides |
| a storage polysaccharide in plants | starch |
| a extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of animals | glycogen |
| a structural polysaccharide of plants cell walls | cellulose |
| a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers (found in fungus cell walls) | chitin |
| a lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule called a triglyceride | fat |
| a carboxyl acid with a long carbon chain; vary in length, number, and location of double bonds | fatty acid |
| a lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | triacylgylcerol |
| fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds | saturated fatty acid |
| fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons and the hydrocarbon tail | unsaturated fatty acid |
| unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils | trans fats |
| a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group | phospholipids |
| lipid characterized in having a carbon skeleton with four fused rings with various chemical groups attached | steroids |
| steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids | cholesterol |
| a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction | catalyst |
| a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3-dimentional structure | protein |
| polymers of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds | polypeptides |
| an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as monomers of polypeptides | amino acid |
| covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another | peptide bond |
| a process in which proteins lose their native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, therefore becoming inactive | denaturation |
| protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins | chaperonins |
| serves as a blueprint for proteins for all cellular activities | nucleic acids |
| type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base; also functions in protein synthesis | RNA |
| a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain; can be of DNA or RNA | polynucleotides |
| building block of a nucleic acid | nucleotides |
| one of two types of nitrogenous bases fond in nucleotides; include cytosine, thymine, and uracil | pyrimidine |
| one of two types of nitrogenous bases fond in nucleotides; include adenine and guanine | purines |
| sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having on fewer hydroxyl group than ribose | deoxyribose |
| sugar component of RNA nucleotides | ribose |
| 2 adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape | double helix |
| referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in the DNA double helix | antiparallel |
| order, regulation, growth and development, reproduction, response to the environment, energy processing, and evolutionary adaptation | 7 properties of life |
| the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study | Reductionism |
Created by:
Alex Fleming
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