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Bio Chapter 3
Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Active Transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. |
| Cell | the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane. Microscopic organisms typically consist of a single cell, which is either eukaryotic or prokaryotic. |
| Cell theory | 1. All living organims are made up of one or more cells and 2. all cells arise frmo other, preexisting cells are the foundations of cell theory |
| Cell wall | Protects and gives shape to the cell/prokaryote |
| Chloroplast | the organelle in plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs |
| Cholesterol | the plasma membrane also can contain the lipid cholesterol, which helps the mebrain maintain its flexibility, prevents membrane from becoming too fluid or floppy at moderate temperatures and acts as antifreeze. |
| chromatin | the second prominent strucutre in the nucleus, a mass of long, thin fibers consisting of DNA with some proteins attached to it that keep it from getting impossibly tangled |
| cilium | are short projections that often occur inn large numbers on a single cell. Cilia beat |
| chromatin | the second prominent strucutre in the nucleus, a mass of long, thin fibers consisting of DNA with some proteins attached to it that keep it from getting impossibly tangled |
| cilium | are short projections that often occur inn large numbers on a single cell. Cilia beat swiftly often in unison, resembles blades of grass |
| cytoplasm | is the jelly like fluid that fills the inside of the cell |
| cytoskeleton | the inner scaffolding of the cell which is made from proteins |
| desmosome | are spot welds or rivets that fasten cells together into strong sheets. |
| Diffusion | is passive transport in which a particle, called a solute is dissolved in a gas or liquid, a solvent |
| endocytosis | To absorb large particles, such as bacterial invaders, cells engulf them with their plasma membrane |
| endomembrane system | the actual production and modification of biological molecules, however occurs in a system of organelles called the endomembrane system |
| endosymbiosis theory | provides the best explination for the presence of two organelles in eukaryotes. page 86 in book |
| enzymatic protein | are surface or transmembrane proteins (enzymes) that accelerate chemical reactions on the plasma membranes surface |
| eukaryote | from the greek for "good" and "kernel" has a central control structure called a nucleus, which contains the cells DNA. Organisms composed of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes |
| eukaryotic cell | from the greek for "good" and "kernel" has a central control structure called a nucleus, which contains the cells DNA. Organisms composed of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes |
| exocytosis | cells that manufacture molecules (such as digestive enzymes) for use elsewhere in the body must get those molecules out of the cell, and they often use the process of exocytosis to do this |
| facilitated diffusion | when spontaneous diffusion across a plasma membrane requires a transport protein, it is called facilitated diffusion |
| flagellum | many prokaryotes have flagellum, a long thin whip like projection that rotates like a propeller and moves the cell through the medium in which it lives |
| fluid mosaic | the plasma membrane is often described as a fluiid mosaic |
| gap junction | pores surrounded by special proteins that form open chanells between two cells. secret passage ways, large enough for salts, sugar, amino acids, carry signals, page 105 |
| glycerol | the head of a plasma membrane, is consisted of molecule of glycerol linked to a molecule containing phosphorus |
| golgi apparatus | processes molecules synthesized in the cell-primarily proteins and lipids, packages those that are destined to be somewhere else in the body |
| hydrophillic | Molecules that can mix with water |
| hydrophobic | non polar molecules, they are water fearing, do not mix with water |
| hypertonic | if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell, the outside solution is hypertonic |
| hypotonic | if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell, the outside solution is hypotonic |
| intermediate filaments | a second type of cytoskeleton fiber, are durable, rope like systems of numerous different overlapping proteins. They give cells great strength |
| intermembrane space | the space between the inner and outer membrane |
| invagination | the best current theory about the orgin of organelles in eukaryotes.the idea that is the plasma membrane aroud the cell may have folded in on itself to form the inner compartments, which subsequently became modified and specialized |
| isotonic | if the concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentraion inside the cell, the outside solution is isotonic |
| lysosome | round, membrane-enclosed, acid filled vesicles that dispose of garbage |
| matrix | inside the inner membrane, important implications for energy conversion. page 112 |
| microfilaments | 3 types of protein fibers make up cytoskeleton, Microfilaments are the thinnest elements in the cytoskelton, long solid rod like fibers, help generate forces including those important in cell contraction and cell division |
| Microtubules | the thickest of the protein fibers making up the cytoskeleton, are linear polymers of a protein and look like rigid, hollow tubes, page 109 |
| mitochondrion | the organelle in plant and animal cells that convers the energy stored in food into a form usable by the cell |
| nonpolar | not mixing with water page 89 |
| atom | an atom is a bit of matter tat cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties, the word atom is greek for invisible |
| molecule | groups of atoms held together by bonds |
| nuclear membrane | sometimes called the nuclear envelope, which surroudns the nucleus and seperates it from the cytoplasm, page 107 |
| nucleolus | third structure in the nucleus, an area near the center of the nucleus where subunits of the ribosomes, a critical part of the cellular machinery, are assembled. |
| nucleus | chief among the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is the presence of a nucleus, a membrane-enclosed strictire that contains linear strands of DNA |
| organelle | In addition to a nuecleus, eukaryotic cells usually contain in their cytoplasm several other specialized structures, many of these are called organelles; enclosed serperately within theyr own lipid membranes |
| osmosis | The diffusion of water across a membrane is a special type of passive transport called osmosis |
| passive transport | molecular movement occuring spontaneously,without the input of energy |
| membrane | A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant. |
| phagocytosis | the proces by which relatively large particles are engulfed by cells is called phagocytosis |
| phospholipid | have what appear to be a head and two long tails |
| phospholipid bilayer | The cell’s outer membrane made up of a two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins. It separates the contents of the cell from its outside environment, and it regulates what enters and exits the cell. |
| plasma membrane | encompasses the cell, sometimes called the cell membrane, anything inside, intracellular, otuside, extra cellular, composed of two layers of phospholipids |
| pilus | feature of a prokaryote, much thinner (than flagellum), hair like projections that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces and can serve as "tubes" through which they exchange dna |
| pinocytosis | describes the process of cells taking in dissolved particles and liquids |
| plasma membrane | encompasses the cell, sometimes called the cell membrane, for this reason, anything inside the plasma membrane is intracellular, outside it extracellular |
| plasmodesma | the cells in most plants have anywhere from 1,000 to 100,000 microscopic tube like channels called plasmodesma, enable communication |
| polar | the head region of the phosopholipis is polar, mixes with water, has regionas of partial positive and partial negative charge |
| primary active transport | process of digestion is an example of this, the type of active transport that occurs when energy from ATP is used to fuel the tasnport of molecules |
| prokaryote | does not have a nucleus, its DNA simply resides in the cytoplasm, an organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell is called a prokaryote |
| receptor protein | are surface or transmembrane proteins that bind to cheimicals in the cells external environment and, by doing so, regulate certain processes within the cell |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | the third type of endocytosis, is much more specific than either phagocytosis and pinocytosis, receptor molecules on the surface of a cell sit waiting until the one type of molecule they recognize bumps into them, it could be insulin, or chiolestrol, depe |
| recognition protein | surface or transmembrane proteins give each cell a "fingerprint" that makes it possible for thhe bodys immune system, which fights off infections, to distinguish the cells that belong iside your body and those that do not belong and need to be attacked |
| ribosome | little granular bodies where proteins are made;thousands of them are scattered throughout the cytoplasm |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | is derived from the greek word for "within" and "anything molded" Latin word "small net" is a large series of interconnected, flattened sacs that look like a stack of pancakes page 114 |
| secondary active transport | the transport protein simultaneously moves one molecule against its concetration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient. |
| simple diffusion | in cells, molecules such as 02 and CO2 that are small and carry no charge can pass directly through the phospolipid bilayer of the membrane without help from any other molecules |
| smoother endoplasmic reticulum | part of the endomembrane network that is smooth, because there are no ribosomes bound to it, lacks the ribosomes that rough ER has |
| solute | something that is dissolved in a gas or liquid |
| solvent | gas or liquid that dissolves something |
| stroma | the fluid in the inside compartment, called the stroma, contains some DNA and much protein making machinery |
| surface protein | or peripheral proteins, reside primarily on the inner or outer surface of the membrane |
| thyloakoid | with a microscope, its posssible to see little spots of green within the chloroplasts, up close these spots look like stacks of pancakes, each stack has numerous, interconnected flattened sacs called thylakoids |
| tight junctions | form continuous, water-tight seals aroudn cells and also anchor cells in place |
| tonicity | the relationship between the concentrations of solutes inside the cell and solutes outside the cell is referred to as tonicity |
| transmembrane protein | penetrate right through the lipid bilayer, from one side to ther other, page 91 |
| transport protein | are surface or transmembrane proteins that help polar or charged substances pass through the plasma membrane |
| turgor pressure | page 119 |
| vacuole (central) | one organelle, the vacuole, stands out more than others because it is so huge and appears empty page 119 |
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