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Life 103- Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| largest organism by volume | General Sherman- sequoiadendron giganteum |
| smallest organism | mycoplasma genitalium |
| adaptation | a trait that evolves by selection for a particular function from an ancestor that did not have that trait |
| phylogeny | the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher) |
| phylogenetic tree | diagram of ancestral relationships among species |
| taxonomy | the ordered division and naming of organisms |
| taxonomic group order | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| who came up with the idea or phylogenetic trees? | Darwin |
| character state | variation among characters (quadroped vs. bipedal) |
| branch point | divergence of two species |
| sister taxa | share an immediate common ancestor |
| rooted tree | branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
| polytomy | a branch from which more than 2 groups emerge (not good-> more research must be conducted) |
| ecology vs. environmentalism | the study of the natural world vs. the movement to protect the environment (can be informed by ecology but they're different) |
| ecology definition | the study of the distribution and interaction of organisms with other organisms and their environment |
| behavioral ecology | response to stimuli, foraging, group interactions |
| evolutionary ecology | adaptations to the environment |
| population | a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area & can interbreed |
| population ecology | focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area |
| community | a group of populations of different species in an area |
| community ecology | the whole array of interacting species in a community |
| ecosystem | the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors w/ which they interact |
| ecosystem ecology | energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components |
| mutualism + example | positive-positive relationship (plant & pollinator) |
| commensalism (& example) | one individual benefits, other unaffected (birds + cows; stir up grass, birds eat the insects) |
| amensalism (& example) | one individual harmed, other unaffected (deer trails) |
| parasitism | parasite takes from host w/out killing the host |
| abiotic chemical factors | pH, salinity |
| abiotic physical factors | weather (temp, moisture, soil), light, nutrients (oxygen/nitrogen) |
| dispersal vs. migration | dispersal is one way |
| introduced vs invasive species | introduced- they serve a purpose; invasive- not beneficial and it spreads |
| there is more bacteria ___ than _____ | in a cup of soil then humans that have ever existed |
| cell wall function | shape, protection, prevents bursting |
| gram-negative bacteria | less peptidoglycan; more likely to be antibiotic resistant |
| fimbriae | attachment pili-> attach to other individuals or substrate |
| taxis | the ability to move in response to a stimuli |
| specialized membranes found in prokaryotes | respiratory membrane (aerobic), thylakoid (photosynthetic) |
| endospores | bacterium survives in harsh environments for a long time (metabolically inactive) |
| exospores | bacteria disperse material outward (for protection) |
| bacterial reproduction is called | binary fission |
| bacterial transformation | 1% are "competent"- take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
| bacterial transduction | movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages |
| bacterial conjugation | sex pili allow for DNA transfer |
| what gene is required for production of bacterial sex pili? | F factor (can be DNA or a plasmid) |
| R plasmids | carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
| ___ obtain energy from light | phototrophs |
| ___ obtain energy from chemical | chemotrophs |
| ___ require CO2 as a carbon source | autotrophs |
| ___ require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds | heterotrophs |
| photoheterotroph | energy source= light; carbon source= organic compounds |
| obligate anaerobes | poisoned by O2; use fermentation or anaerobic respiration (first life) |
| facultative anaerobes | can survive with or without O2 |
| obligate aerobes | require O2 for cellular respiration |
| nitrogen fixation | convert N2-> NH3 |
| proteobacteria | gram-negative; very wide functionality; can be very deadly |
| mycoplasms are | the smallest known cells |
| extreme halophiles | (archaea) saline environments |
| extreme thermophiles | (archaea) thrive in hot environments |
| methanogens | (archaea) strick anaerobes and are poisoned by O2 |
| three troph types of protists | mixotroph, heterotroph, and phototrophs |
| mixotroph | combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
| heteromorphic generations | haploid and diploid look different from each other |
| isomorphic generations | the two generations look the same |
| red algae pigment | phycoerythrin |
| green algae | green for chloroplasts (chlorophytes and charophyceans) |
| slime molds are in what supergroup? | unikonts |
| fungal nutrition | fungi secrete enzymes that break down nutrients, then they absorb them |
| general term "yeast" | any single cell body |
| fungal morphology | hyphae filaments that form a mycelium |
| fungal cell walls are made of | chitin |
| septate hypha vs. coenocytic hypha | septate hypha have septums in between nuclei |
| zygomycetes | named for zygosporangia |
| poo-based shooting fungus is | zygomycetes |
| Ergot | ascomycetes; infects rye flour; causes loss of extremities |
| Ergot aka | St. Anthony's Fire; modern state of Turkey is b/c of Ergot |
| layer of ____ -> a durable polymer found in charophytes | sporopollenin |
| four key traits that appear in plants but not charophytes | alternation of generation, spores produced in sporangia, gametangia, apical meristems |
| ___ provides protection and controls moisture loss in plants | cuticle |
| three types of nonvascular plants (bryophytes) | liverworts, hortworts, mosses |
| the ____ is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis | gametophyte |
| fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid ___, which produces haploid ___ by meiosis | sporophyte, spores |
| embryophytes | land plants (mosses and worts)-> dependency of the embryo on the parent |
| female gametangia | archegonia |
| male gametangia | antheridia |
| ____ are the openings in the surface of plants for gas exchange | stomates |
| peat bogs | make up 70 years of industrial carbon |
| Tollund Man | peat bog mummy from 400 BCE |
| green algae appeared about how long before the first land plants? | 500 million years |
| ____ are the dominant generation in bryophytes | gametophytes |
| ____ are the dominant generation in seedless land plants | sporophytes |
| hermaphroditic | (ferns)-> make sperm and eggs |
| xylem | conducts water and minerals through vascularized plants |
| phloem | distributes sugars, AAs, and other organic products in vascularized plants |
| rhizoid | holds mosses in the ground |
| microphylls | leaves with a single vein |
| megaphylls | leaves w/ a highly branched vascular system |
| tap and tuberous roots are | true roots |
| modified stems and bulbs | are not true roots-> they're underground though |
| sporophylls | modified leaves w/ sporangia |
| megaspores | (heterosporous species)-> gives rise to female gametophytes |
| microspores | (heterosporous species)-> gives rise to male gametophytes |
| phylum lycophyta | club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts |
| phylym pterophyta | ferns, horsetails |
| Illinois coal mines | mine ceiling has fossils from carboniferous period (earthquake buried the forest) |
| Horsetails | used to be diverse in carboniferous period; now just 30 species |
| megasporangium | diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed |
| megaspore | haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte, including the egg nucleus |
| microsporangium | diploid tissue where haploid microspores are formed |
| microspores | develop into male gametophytes |
| pollen | contains male gametophyte w/in tough wall |
| when pollen reaches ovule, it | germinates to form a pollen tube |
| Phylum Cycadophyta | found only in South Africa-> stolen by plant collectors |
| Ginkophyta | only one species; it was thought it helped memory but it doesn't |
| Phylum coniferophyta | conifers-> largest of gymnosperms |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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