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BIOchap13/14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Botany | The study of plants |
| Kingdom Plantae | Plants are living organisms which are eukaryotic and multicellular with organized tissues (especially conducting tissue), Plastids (such as chloroplasts containing chlorophyll) and cell wall (composed of cellulose) |
| Non-vascular plants | do not contain vascular tissue, but absorb water directly into plant cells. |
| Phylum Bryophyta | moss,leafy chute at top, rhizoid at bottom for anchorage. |
| Phylum Hepatophyta and Anthocerophyta | the liver worts and horn worts. |
| Vascular plants without seeds | contain vascular tissue for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant, but lacks seeds: reproduce via spores |
| Phylum Pteridophyta | the ferns. with frond (fan leaf) and fiddlehead (a young coiled leaf) attached to a creeping or underground stem called a rhizoid |
| rhizoid | underground stem |
| Alternation of Generations | life cycle of typical ferm. Sori, Prothallus, Archegonia, antheridium, gametophyte |
| Sori | collections of spore-producing sporangia |
| Prothallus | heart-shaped, single cell layered structure, produced by the germinated spore; germinating spore begins "gametophyte generation" |
| Archegonia | female structure containing ovum |
| Antheridium | male structure containing sperm |
| gametophyte | newly formed "infant" fern plant beginning "sporophyte generation" |
| Vascular plants with seeds | contain vascular tissue for conducting food and water throughout plant and seeds |
| Gymnosperms | non-flowering plants that produce seed that are not enclosed in an ovary when mature. |
| Phylum Coniferophyta | conifers (cone bearing) in spring has a pollen cone at tips of branches which is short lived and produces the pollen, and seed cone along the branch containing the ova which when fertilized becomes the seeds. |
| Angiosperms | Produce flowers and have enclosed seeds like that of an apple |
| Phylum Anthophyta | dominant vegetation on earth have an ovary enclosing the seed which when mature is called a fruit. |
| Class Monocotyledonae | monocots, have a single cotyledon (stored food for embryonic plant), parallel leaf venation, long slender leaves, petals in groups of 3, fibrous roots, mostly herbaceous stems. (CORM LILY PALM TREE GRASS) |
| Class Dicotyledonae | dicots, have a double cotyledon, broad leaves with pinnate or palmate venation, petals in groups of 4 or 5 taproot system; (trees) |
| Dermal tissue | the outside covering of plants |
| epidermis | covers leaves, roots and in young plants, stems. |
| cuticle | waxy layer on leaves and stems of some plants |
| cork | as woody plants mature, cork replaces the epidermis in stems and roots and provides waterproofing; type of cell found in bark made of dead cells produced by cork cambium. |
| Vascular tissue | transports H2O and nutrients in all vascular plants and arranged in bundles in leaves, young plants, and non-woody stems |
| xylem | long, hollow tubes, carries water: wood layers of xylem; annual growth rings composed of xylem, springwood, and summerwood. |
| phoelm | carries sugar solution from leaves to other parts of plant |
| Ground tissue | tissue other than dermal and vascular tissue that provide support, store water, sugar and starch, and perform metabolic processes for plant. (non woody stems roots and leaves are primarily ground tissues) |
| Merismatic tissue | plant cells capable of continuous mitosis |
| Vegatative organs | Roots, stems, leaves |
| taproot | has one main root that is thicker and longer |
| fiberous | has a cluster of roots that are about equal size |
| aerial roots | roots that grow above ground |
| Merismatic region | very tip, rapid cell division(mitosis) increasing number of cells |
| elongation region | middle section where cells lengthen |
| maturation region | region of differentiation |
| woody stems | hard and not flexible |
| herbaceous stems | softer, more flexible |
| excurrent | cone shaped *think Christmas trees* |
| Deliquescent | isolated trunk with ball of branches on top |
| Columnar | crown of leaves atop an unbranched stem. |
| blade | flat green part of leaf |
| compound leaf | if leaf blade looks like it has at least two individual leaves |
| leaflets | smaller pieces of the blade |
| node | the place of the stem where the leaf is attached |
| cell walls | supports the plant; made of cellulose |
| turgor pressure | water pressure in cells; gives support to leaves and flowers in the central vacuole |
| chloroplasts | organelles that contain chlorophyll which captures light energy for photosynthesis |
| plastids | containers organelles like chloroplasts (leucoplasts) |
| Fibers | long, narrow cells used to make rope |
| Bark | the region outside of the xylem in a tree trunk |
| Photosynthesis | 6+ molecules of H2O-->1glucose molecule |
| Plants require water for | photosynthesis, hydrolysis, turgor pressure, and translocation |
| Loam | mix of sand silt and soil |
| Topsoil | loam, living organisms, and humus |
| humus | dead organic matter |
| Run off | water that doesnt enter soil |
| Gravitational | water pulled by gravity to water table |
| Capillary | water held between soil particles |
| Hygroscopic | water that adheres to soil particles |
| Root pressure | as water enters the roots due to osmosis it collects in the vascular cylinder causing root pressure which makes water rise. (primary form of absorption for mosses) |
| Capillarity | water molecules adhere to walls of thin tubes |
| transpiration-cohesion theory | most readily accepted theory of water movement in mature large plants; based on transpiration and cohesion |
| transpiration | water constantly evaporates from leaves |
| cohesion | water molecules attract and stick together with other water molecules |
| lower turgor pressure | causes wilting |
| Plants and Minerals | plants absorb soluble minerals from the soil. require differing amount, but nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, seem to be the most necessary for cellular process within most plants |
| Fertilizers | chemical additive for the soil to provide missing nutriends for the plants grown there |
| Mulch | decomposing organic matter that enriches the soil and provides nutrients for plants |
| Plant hormones | chemical growth regulators found in plants |
| auxins | found in stems, seeds, leaves, fruits, and in trace amounts in roots |
| Gibberellin | stimulates cell division and cell elongation in leaves and stems |
| Abiscissic Acid | seems to stimulate the falling of leaves and fruits |
| Tropisms | a plant's response to stimulus int he environment (posotive->toward the stimulus. Negative->response away from stimulus) |
| phototropism | response to light |
| Geotropism | response to gravity |
| thigmotropism | response to touch |
| Chemotropism | response to certain chemicals |
| Hydrotropism | response to water |
| Photoperiodism | length of day and night and it affect on plant growth/flowering |
| Short-day plants | require less than 24 hrs to flower |
| Long-day plants | need more than 24 hrs to flower |
| Neutral-day plants | flower regardless of sunlight |
| vegetative reproduction | asexual reproduction; does not require union of gametes; produces offspring identical to the parent plant; desirable for food and ornamental plants |
| Plantlets | parent plants form small complete plants on special stems or leaves that can grow independently |
| layering | stem of parent plant usuallly bent into moist soil then wounded to expose merismatic tissue (hormones applied to stimulate growth) |
| Stem Cutting | piece of stem set in water til rooting occurs |
| Grafting | stem segment from one plant is place in contact with stem of rooted plant; used commercially to obtain genetically identical plants; not technically vegitative reproduction b/c new plant results |
| Sexual reproduction | produces a new plant bt combining gametes (pollen and ovule) which will create a new plant for which offspring with variation will produce |
| Flower | the reproductive structure of a plant |
| accessory parts | outermost structures, support reproductive parts: (Pedicel,receptacle, and sepals and petals) |
| Reproductive parts | stamen and pistil |
| Stamen | Filament(stalk that holds anther) and anther(produces pollen > male gamete) |
| Pistil | Stigma (sticky surface to receive pollen), style ( stalk that hold stigma; pollen tube forms here), and ovary (contains ovules> female gametes) |
| Complete flowers | have petals, sepals, and at least one stamen and one pistil |
| Pollination | process of transferring pollen from anther to stigma |
| Fertilization | polen granule reaches the ovule and the 2 haplid gametes fuse to create a diploid zygote that will develops into the embryo and endosperm, (forms the cotyledon of the seed which nourishes the embryonic plant when it germinates) |
| Seed | tiny embryonic plant with stored food (cotyledons) and a seed coat |
| Hilum | point where seed was attached to the ovary wall |
| Cotyledon | radicle, hypocotyls, and epicotyl |
| Fruit | a mature ovary with seeds inside; protect seeds, aids in dispersal and delays germination |
Created by:
mere
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