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A&P Chpts. 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is the study of an organism’s structure | anatomy |
| is the study of an organism’s function | physiology |
| What are the six levels of structural organization apparent in the human organism, and what defines each level? | Chemical level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, Organism level |
| interaction of atoms | Chemical level |
| structural and functional unit of living organisms | Cell level |
| group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them | Tissue level |
| one or more tissues functioning together | Organ level |
| group of organs functioning together | Organ system level |
| any living thing | Organism level |
| What are 6 characteristics that define what constitutes a thing as living? | Organization, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Growth, Development, Reproduction |
| condition in which there are specific relationships and function | Organization |
| all chemical reactions of the body | Metabolism |
| ability to sense changes and adjust | Responsiveness |
| increase in size and/or number of cells | Growth |
| changes in an organism over time -change from general to specific -change in shape of tissues, organs | Development Differentiation Morphogenesis |
| new cells or new organisms | Reproduction |
| Are viruses living? Why or why not? | No. Viruses need a host cell for replicationNo. Viruses need a host cell for replication |
| Name the 11 human organ systems. | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Urinary, Reproductive |
| What are the most 4 most abundant elements found in living organisms? | C,H,O,N |
| What is the fundamental organizational unit of life? | Cell |
| Which is stronger, a covalent bond or ionic bond? Why? | A covalent bond “shares” a pair of electrons. In an ionic bond, the electrons are continually “passed” back and forth. |
| What is a cation? An anion? | A cation is a positively charged ion. An anion is a negatively charged ion. |
| Two atoms walk into a bar. One atom loses an electron. Is that atom’s overall charge now positive or negative? Why? | Protons are positively charged. Electrons are negativey charged. If the number of protons and electrons are equal then the overall charge is neutral. If an electron is removed, then the positive charge is greater |
| Organic compounds all have which element? | Carbon |
| What is the dehydration reaction and Example | Dehydration is the linking of monomers into polymers. Ex. Glucose being linked together to form glycogen |
| What is the hydrolysis reaction and Example | Hydrolysis. The breaking down of polymers back into monomers. Ex. Lactose being broken down into glucose and galactose. |
| What is glycogen? What is its function? Where is it stored in humans? | -A polymer of glucose monomers. - It is a source of energy - it is stored in muscle cells. |
| Describe why butter is solid at room temperature, but vegetable oil is liquid? | Butter- all the fatty acid tails are straight which allows for dense packing. Vegetable oils have a kink in one or more fatty acid tails due to a double bond, and therefore don’t pack as densely |
| How is margarine made? | created by blasting vegetable oil with hydrogen gas. Hydrogen atoms bond to the area of the tail that is kinked which then straightens the tail. |
| What is a base steroid, and why is it called that? | Cholesterol. It is the base molecule from which our sex hormones are produced. |
| How many levels of structure are there in protein? | There are 4. Primary, Secondary, Teritary, Quaternary. |
| amino acid monomers linked into a polymer | Primary |
| presence of alpha helices and beta sheets | Secondary |
| 3dimensional shape of the protein | Tertiary |
| several tertiary proteins that function together | Quaternary |
| Give an example of a quaternary (4°) protein mentioned in class. | Hemoglobin |
| What are the major functions of proteins? | Regulation, Transport, Protection, Contraction, Structure, Energy |
| Regulation Example | enzymes (lactose) |
| Transport Example | hemoglobin |
| Protection Example | antibodies |
| Contraction Example | actin |
| Structure Example | collagen |
| Energy Example | muscle can be broken down for energy if needed |
| What are the nucleotides for DNA, and RNA, respectively? | DNA-a,c,t,g RNA-a,c,g,u |
| What is the structure and function of a phospholipid? | 1 glycerol head (hydrophilic) 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic). Makes up the plasma membrane |
| True or false, even if you eat only a plant based diet, your body will stay produce some cholesterol. | True |
| True or false, anatomy and physiology studies are only relevant at the macro/gross level | False |
| is a cell with DNA bound by a membrane (nucleus) as well as the presence of other membrane bound organelles (golgi body, smooth and rough ER | eukaryotic cell |
| Examples of eukaryotic cells? | animal, plant, fungi cells |
| True or false the sum total of you (the human organism) is 10x more microbial than human | true |
| A dynamic, semi-permeable, phospholipid bi-layer, studded with various proteins (i.e. receptors, ion-channels) that separates the inside of the cellular environment from the outside. | Plasma membrane |
| Where DNA resides. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus. | Nucleus |
| Where mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain. | Ribosome |
| Where a polypeptide is manipulated into a 3d shape | Rough ER |
| Site of lipid synthesis, drug and alcohol detoxification | Smooth ER |
| Site where a protein get a chemical tag marking the protein’s final destination. | Golgi body |
| Primary site of cellular respiration; site of ATP Production | Mitochondria |
| Holds digestive enzymes for breaking material down such as foreign bodies, food particles, damaged organelles. During fetal development, the lysosome breaks open and destroys the cell itself. This programmed cellular “suicide” is known as apoptosis. | Lysosome |
| Fibrous proteins that give the cell shape/support and assist in cellular and organelle movement. | Cytoskeleton |
| What is ATP? How many phosphate groups does have ATP have? Where is ATP created? | Adenosine triphosphate; a molecule that stores energy in a form that the cell can use. -three negatively charged phosphate groups. -Created in the cytoplasm but, mainly mitochondria |
| What is cellular respiration? What “goes in”? What is created? What are the “waste products”? | the process by which energy stored in food molecules such as glucose gets converted into a form the cell can use. Glucose and oxygen are converted into heat and ATP. Carbon dioxide and water are released in the process. |
| What are 3 examples of cellular work that require ATP? | Dehydration reaction (chemical), nerve signaling (transport), contraction (mechanical). |
| is a protein that lowers the amount of energy necessary to create a chemical reaction | enzyme |
| the stresses placed on the molecule | substrate |
| the portion of the enzyme that the substrate binds to | active site |
| Give an example of an enzyme and a substrate. | lactase and lactose |
| Give an example of a cofactor and a coenzyme. | Co factor- Metal ions such as zinc coenzyme-organic compounds such as B vitamins. |
| blocks the enzymes ability to react with the substrate | enzyme inhibitor |
| sits in the active site | competitive inhibitor |
| binds to the enzyme elsewhere and changes the enzyme’s overall shape. | non-competitive inhibitor |
| is the passive movement of molecules in and out of the cell. | diffusion |
| give an example of molecules that diffuse through a plasma membrane | Molecules move passively when the movement is with the concentration gradient. |
| is the passive transport of water | osmosis |
| Describe what could happen to an animal cell when the concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell. What about a plant cell? | Water would move to the inside of the cell. If the volume inside the animal cell becomes too great, the cell could potentially lyse. A plant’s cell wall would protect the plant cell from potentially bursting. |
| Movement that requires energy such as movement of molecules against the concentration gradient | active transport |
| Movement of molecules to the outside of the cell (hormones) | exocytosis |
| movement of molecules to the inside of the cell (food particles) | endocytosis |
| movement of molecules to the inside of the cell that get recognized by specific receptors (cholesterol being “recognized” by receptors on liver cells) | receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| Describe interphase | the cell spends most of its life. During interphase, the cell is performing all its normal functions plus, getting ready to ultimately divide by getting bigger and making more organelles, and replicating DNA in the S-phase |
| is nuclear division | mitosis |
| mitotic spindles forms, the nuclear envelope disappears, and DNA chromatin condenses into chromosomes | prophase |
| chromosomes line up n the middle of the cell | metaphase |
| the chromosomes are pulled apart | anaphase |
| is prophase in reverse | telophase |
| After mitosis, the cell pinches off into 2 separate cells. | cytokinese |
| cellular proliferation that never stops | cancer |
| stop cellular division..... is highly mutagenic to DNA | radiation and chemotherapy |
| is a chemotherapy drug, it halts cellular division by blocking the formation of mitotic spindles | taxol |
| how does taxol work | mitosis cannot complete anaphase |
| Describe DNA replication, including when and where it occurs. | DNA replication is the doubling of DNA in the nucleus during S-phase. |
| is the transfer of DNA information to mRNA. this occurs in the nucleus | transcription |
| mRNA is translated by the ribosome into a string of amino acids.occurs in the ribosome | translation |
| leaves the nuclear pore and is translated by the ribosome | mRNA |
| is responsible for bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome. | tRNA |
| 3 RNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid. | codon |
| is a single nucleotide change | base substitution |
| the addition or removal of a nucleotide | insertion or deletion |
| Which is more likely to have a negative impact on an organism? base sub or insertion/del | Insertions and deletions are far more likely to be harmful. |
| is caused by a base substation mutation | Sickle cell anemia |
| Describe the mechanism of sickle cell anemia | change on one amino acid, which changes a protein responsible for red blood cells shape, causing sickle shape. it ability is impaired when traveling through the capillaries of nervous system. |
| An aggregate (group) of cells that work together for a specific function. | tissue |
| Name the physical characteristics of tissue. | shape, arrangement, matrix, cell connection |
| example of shape | Simple squamous is very this to allow for diffusion and filtration |
| example of arrangement | stratified squamous- many layers to form a protective barrier, |
| example of matrix | mineralized matrix of bone creating strength and rigidity |
| example of cell connection | tight junctions in epithelial tissue creating a protective barrier. |
| Name 3 cell connections | tight junction, desmosomes, gap junction |
| like 6-pack rings, found in epithelial tissue only | tight junction |
| like velcro, found in epithelial and muscle tissue | desmosomes |
| tube-like tunnels formed by merging of plasma membranes, allowing for the passage of ions. This allows electrical signals to pass from one cell to another. Found in cardiac muscle and nervous tissue | gap junction |
| extracellular substance produced by cells. The components of matrix varies greatly depending on the specific function of the connective tissue. | matrix |
| Protection, Secretion, Absorption | epithelial |
| Support, Flexibility, Padding, Transport | connective |
| Transmission and processing of information from the internal and external environment | nervous |
| Movement through contraction. In skeletal muscle, the sarcomere is the functional unit of contraction | muscular |
| A single cell created by the union of an egg an sperm. Barring numerical chromosomal abnormalities, a human has 46 chromosomes; 23 from an egg and 23 from sperm of these | zygote |
| What are the 3 primary germ layers | endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
| endoderm tissues | Epithelial tissue |
| mesoderm tissues | Muscle tissue,Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue |
| ectoderm | Epithelial tissue, Nervous tissue |
| name the membranous epithelial tissues | Simple squamous, simple cubodial, simple columnar, psesostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous. |
| Simple squamous example | lung alveolia |
| Simple cuboidal example | kindey |
| Simple columnar example | small insetin |
| Pseudostratified ciliated columnar example | trachea |
| Stratified squamous example | skin, anus |
| gland secretes its substance directly into a duct. | exocrine |
| secretes it’s substance directly into blood or interstitial fluid. These are ductless glands | endocrine |
| sweat glands, sebaceous glands, salivary glands | exocrine |
| thyroid glands, pituitary glands, and adrenal glands | endocrine |
| name the categories of connective tissues | Fibrous, Cartilage, Bone, Blood |
| Matrix has presence of fibroblasts in varying amounts. This connective tissue has a lot of “stretch and give”. Examples include areolar and adipose tissue. | Fibrous |
| Presence of chondrocytes within lacunae. Support, flexibility, padding. Examples include: Elastic, Hyaline, Fibrocartilage. | Cartilage |
| gives rigid structure. Matrix is mineralized creating rigidity. | Bone |
| transports nutrients, gas, and waste products. Matrix for blood is plasma. | Blood |
| name three muscle tissue types | Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac |
| oluntary and striated. These are the muscles that move the body. Ex. Biceps, quadriceps, etc. | Skeletal |
| Involuntary and non-striated. These are the muscles that move even without our conscious effort. Ex. Diaphragm | Smooth |
| Involuntary and lightly striated. Presence of intercalated disks. Ex. Heart. | Cardiac |
| includes the brain and spinal cord, receives information from the external and internal environment, processes the information, and creates a response | CNS |
| are the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. | PNS |
| The functional unit of the nervous system. Neurons transmit signals within the nervous system. | neuron |
| These are the “helper” cells responsible for optimal nervous system functioning. Ex. Schwann cells which have a myelin sheath that optimizes the transmission of signals across a neuron's axon. | neuroglia cells |
| Functional unit of contraction | Sarcomere |
| Two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product | Anabolism* |
| Water is split into two | Hydrolysis* |
| Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails | Triglycerides* |
| Bacteria, no nucleus | Prokaryote* |
| People who don't have enough receptors have | High cholesterol* |
| People that don't have any receptors | Hypercholestrolemia* |
| Create matrix | Blasts* |
| Maintain matrix | Cytes* |
| Break down matrix | Clasts* |
Created by:
Khuller
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