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Neuroscience
Characteristics of neurons and more.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensory neurons | Communicate information from the environment (such as light or sound) to the brain. |
| Motor neurons | Communicate information from the central nervous system to the muscles. (example: Blinking your eyes activates thousands of motor neurons). Signals for muscles to contract. |
| Inter-neurons | Communicate information from one neuron to another. |
| Neuron | Highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form; a nerve cell. |
| Dendrites | Multiple short fibers that extend from the neuron's cell body and receive information from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells. |
| Axon | The long fluid filled tube that carries a neuron's message to other body areas. |
| Cell body | Processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cell's nucleus; also called the soma. |
| Glial cells, or glia | Support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes; manufacture myelin. |
| Myelin sheath | A white, fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed. |
| Action potential | A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron. |
| Stimulus threshold | The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron. |
| Resting potential | State in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation. |
| All or none law | The principle that either a neuron is sufficiently stimulated and an action potential occurs or a neuron is not sufficiently stimulated and an action potential does not occur. |
| Synapse | The point of communication between two neurons. |
| Synaptic gap | The tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of the adjoining neuron. |
| Axon terminal | Branches at the end of the axon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vesicles. |
| Synaptic vesicles | Tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers manufactured by a neuron. |
Created by:
darkmatter92
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