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ESS 3
Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of water covers the Earths surface? | 70.8% |
| what are the 5 principle Oceans? | Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Southern Ocean. |
| What is the Scientific Method? | 1. Making Observations and Establishing Scientific facts 2.forming one or more Hypothesis 3.extensive testing 4.developing a theory |
| How was the solar system created? | Nebula(cloud) formed from hydrogen, helium + supernovae 5 Billion years ago Over 60 moons |
| The lithosphere is composed of? | Oceanic and continental crust |
| Oceanic Crust | Consists Mostly of Basalt High Density & Thin & Younger |
| Continental Crust | Consists mostly of Granite Low Density & Thick & Older |
| Geologic time Scale | Extinctions of organisms & age dating rocks |
| How much of the ocean has been explored? | 5% |
| What is the average depth of the ocean? | 14,000 ft |
| Major Reservoirs of the Earth System? | Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Geosphere |
| Tides are caused by? | The gravitation between the sun and the Earth. |
| Main reason sea level has risen over the past 100 years? | Warming of ocean water |
| What affects climate? | Heat absorption & transport by ocean currents |
| Importance of the Ocean? | Key to transportation food feeds 50% of U.S population |
| Gravitational Force | 1=G1x1/2^2=1/4....4X More |
| Accrete | remaining particles orbiting around the edge, collide together Ex: Large particles accrete into the planets |
| Terrestrial Planets & Differentiation | undergo melting & separation Energy=Accretion & Radioactivity |
| Earths Magnetic Field | Equals convection of the liquid outer core & rotation of the Earth (North & South Pole) |
| How do we know what composes the core? | Volcano Eruptions=pieces of upper mantle Minerals under high temp. & pressure Earths shape, gravity, mag field & how the crust moves Seismic waves-Earthquakes Meteorites |
| Chondrites (meteorites) | Small pieces of rock/ have not undergone differentiation |
| Achondrites (meteorites) | Larger bodies of rock/ underwent differentiation & broke up |
| Layers | http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol212/images/badprofile.jpg Asthenosphere-lower, warmer part of mantle Lithosphere Crust upper most, cooler part of mantle( brittle/rigid) |
| Asthenosphere solid or liquid? | Solid |
| Isostatic Adjustment? | Vertical Movement of the crust |
| What are the major components of our atmosphere today? | Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 20%, and Argon 0.93% |
| Where did Nitrogen and Aragon come from? | Nitrogen-released by volcanoes Argon-released by radioactive Decay |
| Evolution of Earth System | Hadean(4550-3800)---> Archean(3800-2500)--->Proterozoic--->Phanerozoic 542/present |
| Half-life | a constant, amount of time it takes for an atom to decay |
| Curie Point | when molten rocks cool below a specific temperature |
| Paleomagnetism | study of Earths magnetic field Magnetic Inclination=degree mg. Particles points into Earth & is directly related to latitude |
| 3 types of Plate Boundaries | Divergent=plates move away from each other Convergent=plates approach each other transform=plates slide past each other |
| Process of plate Tectonics | Hot molten rock comes to the surface @ mid-ocean ridge & moves outward <--- ---> by sea floor spreading.(New Earth Crust is forming) Sea floor is destroyed @ the trenches & subduction occurs. |
| Divergent plate Boundaries | EX: Mid-Atlantic Ridge East Africa Rift Valleys Red Sea Gulf of California |
| Convergent Plate Boundaries | EX: Andes Mountains Cascade Mts. Mariana Islands Himalayas |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | EX: San Andreas Fault Alpine Fault |
| Heat Transfer types? | Conduction, Convection, Radiation |
| Which method of heat transfer is most important? | Radiation |
| T | |
| Passive Margins | lack major tectonic activity Features: Continental shelf. slope, and continental rise |
| Active Margins | Associated with lithospheric plate boundaries & high degree of techtonic activity |
| Submarine Canyons | v-shaped valleys with tributaries found in the continental slope(resemble canyons formed on land) |
| Turbidity Currents | move downslope, eroding the continental margin to enlarge submarine canyons |
| Continental slope | lies beyond the shelf break where the deep ocean basin begins Submarine Canyons are found |
| Mid-Ocean Ridges | Shallower depths, Hydrothermal vents appear all along the center of the ridges water released from the vents support deep-sea ecosystem |
| weathering | Breakdown of rocks by :water, temperature extremes, chemicals |
| Importance of Ocean Sediments | Energy Resources: Oil (petroleum) & Gas Limestone, sand, gravel, salts, phosphates Helps control the pH of the Ocean |
| How is sediment transported to the ocean? | wind ice gravity water |
| Lithogenous Sediment | preexisting rock materials on ocean floor & deposits close to land |
| ooze? | very fine-grained mushy material (juice) biogenous ooze= 30% skeletons m + 70% lithogenous clay Calcium carbonate & Silica |
| Calcareous Ooze | foraminifers, coccoliths |
| Siliceous Ooze | 30% of the hard remains of silica-secreting organisms |
| Silica | produced by microscopic organisms-in cold water environments only build up silica in sediments if produced quickly & in large quantities |
| Calcium Carbonate | produced in warm water by(corals, mollusks) |
| Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) | 4.5km Below the CCD: lower temp, higher pressure, High Co2, Low pH(acidic) |
| What will happen to the CCD with higher Co2 levels in the atmosphere (which results in lower pH)? | Will Rise |
| Dissolution of Calcium Carbonate | prevents large changes in the pH CCD: Silica-Colder Oceans Carbonate-warmer Oceans |
| Evaporites | form when sea water becomes saturated w/ dissolved minerals due to evaporation |
| Cosmogenous sediment How much mass do you think is added to the Earth each second from space? | derived from space 10kg (22lb)-dust adds mass |
| Water-3 Faces | Solid, Liquid, Gas The density of water increase as temperature decreases Below 4C density decreases w temp |
| Which way will the wind blow during the night? | Land to the ocean |
| Latent Heat | energy required to change the phase of substance temp. does not change=energy is stoned |
| Ice cubes in a drink are coldest when? | When they have melted |
| What temperature does sea water freeze? | -2 oC |
| Ocean Salinity | 35% OF SALT IN 1KG OF WATER Evaporation, Rainfall, the Amazon, Sea Ice |
| Where are the low salty areas? | poles, Antarctica, Arctic |
| Acid | compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+)when dissolved in water |
| Alkali | compound that releases |
| Does Ocean water have more or less (H+) ions than fresh water? | Less H+ |
| What influences Sea Water Density | Temperature, Salinity, & Pressure As temperature increases density decreases As Salinity Increases Density Increases As Pressure Increases Density Increases |
| What do you predict about the characteristics of the water at the bottom ocean? | Most dense Cold & Salty |
| Latitudes & Salinity | High Latitudes: Fresher, Colder Low Latitudes: Hot, Salty |
| At which latitude will water be more likely to sink to form deeper water? | High Latitude Density |
| Current Desalination Process | Distillation, Solar Humidification, Electrolysis, freeze separation, reverse osmosis |
| Why does salinity vary widely at the surface but very little in the deep ocean? | Precipitation, Runoff, Melting Icebergs, melting sea ice, sea ice forming, and evaporation |
| Why does deep ocean water contain more carbon dioxide than surface water? | Deep water is cold & has the ability to dissolve more gasses |
| Carbonic Acid Reaction:H2o+CO2--->H2CO3-->H+ + HCO3- | Carbonic Acid: Keeps the ocean slightly alkaline through the process of buffering |
| What is Buffering? | Protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too basic |
| Salinity(%o)= 1.80655 x Chlorinity(%o) | Ocean Chlorinity: 19.2%o 1.80655 x 19.2%o= 34.7%o |
Created by:
rioblu
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