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BI 2020
Microbiology: P9 Microbial Ecology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the study of relationships of microorganisms to each other an environment | Microbial Ecology |
| What is the region of earth inhabited by living organisms | Biosphere |
| What are the three sections of the biosphere | Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere |
| What is the number of species present and evenness of distribution | Biodiversity |
| What is the weight of all organisms present? | Biomass |
| What describes the environment and the microorganisms (oceans, rivers, lakes, deserts, marshes, grasslands, forests, tundra) | Ecosystem |
| What describes microorganisms in a given area that interact with each other and the non-living environment | Community |
| What describes mircoorganisms in a given area that interact with each other | Population |
| what is the classification that organisms are categorized (related to food source) | Trophic Levels |
| T or F: the trophic level is unconnected to the cycling of the nutrients | False: the trophic level is intimately related to cycling of nutrients |
| What are the three general trophic levels | 1)Primary Producers 2)Consumers 3)Decomposers |
| T or F: Primary Producers are autotrophs | True |
| What do primary producers convert CO2 into | Organic Materials (glucose) |
| What are the two kinds of primary producers | 1)Photoautotrophs 2)Chemotrophs |
| What are Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria, and Anoygenic Phototrophs examples of | Photoautotrophs |
| What are organisms that oxidize inorganic compounds for energy | Chemotrophs |
| Aside from producing organic matter, what purpose do primary producers serve? | Food source for consumers and decomposers |
| Describe primary consumers | Herbivores that eat primary producers |
| What do secondary, teritary, and quartinary consumers all have in common? | Carnivores that eat other carnivores |
| That is the chain of consumption referred to as | Food Chain |
| What is the interaction between food chains called? | Food web |
| What are heterotrophs that digest remains of primary producers and consumers? | Decomposers |
| T or F: Decomposers specialize in digestion of complex material into small molecules to be readily used by other organisms | True |
| What is the complete breakdown of organic molecules to inorganic molecules? | Mineralization |
| What do microorganisms do in low-nutrient environments? | Growth in these areas most often in the form of biofilm |
| Where do microbes extract nutrients from (when in biofilms)? | Extract amounts of nutrient absorbed by water |
| What is unique about organisms that survive in low nutrient environments have to help with nutrient procurement? | Highly efficient transport systems |
| Where is a common place for biofilms to grow? | inside pipes |
| What is directly related to the competition between organisms | ability to compete is generally related to the rate of growth (multiply faster yield larger population and use more nutrient supply) |
| What is directly related to help determined the make-up of population | Antagonisms-bacteriocines produced by certain species to kill other strains |
| T or F: environmental change often results in alterations in a bacterial community | True |
| How might an organism to survive in new conditions | In response to new stimuli microbes stop producing enzymes that serve no purpose |
| T or F: Mutants may remain in the minority in a current population | True: not until the environment changes may the mutation make the organism well suited |
| What are the names of two kinds of communities that attach to solid surfaces? | Biofilms or Microbial Mats |
| What is a thick, dense, organized structure, composed of layers that are frequently (green, pink, and black) | Microbial Mat |
| What is the top layer of a microbial mat? | Green layer, contains various kinds of cyanobacteria |
| What does the cyanobacteria layer do for the rest of the microbial mat? | provides energy for other microbes (it is photosynthetic) |
| What is the middle layer of a microbial mat? | Pink layer with purple sulfur bacteria |
| What is the bottom layer of a microbial mat? | Blak layer, with sulfate reducer bacteria, Iron molecules reacting with hydrogen sulfide |
| What microscopic method uses nucleic acid probes to cells containing specific nucleotide sequences? | Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) |
| Which microscopic methods that allow screening of sectional views of 3D specimens? | Confocal scanning electron microscopes |
| Which microscopic method can be used to detect certain organisms and assessment of population characteristics | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| which microscopic method is used to separate and examine a set of amplified sequences within a genome? | Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is used to separate and examine a set of amplified sequences within a genome |
| Which microscopic method is particularly useful in study of microbial ecology? | Genomics |
| What is characteristic about the upper zone of lakes, oceans, etc.? | There is sufficient light penetration to support photosynthetic microorganisms and the organic material produced by these organisms descends and is metabolized by heterotrophs |
| In what kind of environment is the growth of photosynthetic organisms limited due to the lack of nutrients? | Oligotrophic waters |
| What are the kind of waters that support robust multiplication of photosynthetic organisms due to rich content of nutrients | Eutrophic |
| Define hypoxic | Low amounts of O2 |
| T or F: deep sea regions have less nutrients than coastal regions | True: coastal regions get nutrients from runoff |
| Which type of organisms thrive in high salt concentrations? | Halophilic organisms |
| What is an effect of oligotrophic ocean waters? | limits the growth of microorganisms |
| Which organisms thrive in deep sea? | Algae and cyanobacteria |
| Type and numbers of organisms inhabiting freshwater depend on which factors? | Light, concentration of DO, nutrients, and Temperature |
| Which freshwater aquatic habitat layer is generally of the top and oxygen rich? | Epilimnion |
| Which freshwater aquatic habitat layer is generally a lower layer and may be anaerobic? | Hyoplimnion |
| Which freshwater aquatic habitat layer is gnereally in the middle and is a zone of rapid temperature changes during seasonal changes? | Thermocline |
| Outside of salt lakes what are some other specialized habitats? | Iron Springs |
| What kinds of microorganisms do iron springs support? | Gallionella and Sphaerotilus species |
| What kinds of organisms do sulfur springs support the growth of? | Both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic sulfur bacteria |
| T or F: there are no useful chemicals found from soil microbiology | False: there are a variety of useful chemicals |
| T or F: there are some soil mirobes being tested for their ability to degrade toxic chemicals | True (i.e. oil spills) |
| What environmental condition impacts the microbes of the soil? | Water, pH, temperature! i.e. wet vs dry |
| Is Gram+ or Gram- more abundant in soil? | Gram + |
| In what portions of the soil is Fungi usually found? | In the top portions due to their aerobic nature or attached to plant roots |
| What are cyclical paths that elements take as they flow through living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of the ecosystem | Biochemcial cycles |
| What are the three general purposes Elements have in the roles of metabolism in an organism? | Biomass production, energy source, terminal electron acceptor |
| Describe elements in biomass production | element is incorporated into cell material |
| Describe elements in energy source | reduced form of the element is used to generate energy |
| Describe roles of elements in terminal electron acceptor | electrons from energy source are transferred to oxidized form of the element during respiration |
| T or F: the Carbon Cycle is one of the most important cycles of the Earth (biomass, energy and electron acceptor) | True! |
| What does the carbon cycle allow for? | for Carbon to be recycled and reused |
| what kinds of microorganisms are used in the carbon cycle? | Alage/Chemotrophs (carbon fixation); anaerobic microbes convert CO2 to carbohydrates (carbon fixation); methanogens conver Co2 to methane; methane-oxidizing bacteria -aerobic- covert methane to Co2 |
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savelae
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