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Patho Ch 14 - neuro
Structure & fxn of neuro system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sympathetic NS (other name, where does it originate) | AKA thoracolumbar. Preganglionic neurons originate from T1 – L2 |
| Parasympathetic NS (other name, where does it originate) | AKA craniosacral. Arises from cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 & 10; and spinal nerves S2, S3 and S4 |
| Where does the spinal cord end (adults & children)? | Ends at L1 in most adults Ends in L2 in children |
| L1/L2 interspace is called _____ | conus medullaris |
| Nerve fibers that extend beyond CONUS MEDULLARIS are _____ | cauda equina |
| a slender filament from the CONUS MEDULLARIS to the coccyx that anchors the cord is the _____ | filum terminale |
| CSF: where is it made? What layer of meninges? Where is it located? | Choroid plexus in lateral, 3rd & 4th ventricles; Pia mater; CSF is located in subbarachnoid space |
| Which level of the spinal cord does the arachnoid layer end? | S2 |
| Where does dura of the spinal cord start & end? | starts at foramen magnum & ends at S2-3 |
| Intervertebral disks are in between each vertebrae EXCEPT ____ | the sacral and coccygeal areas |
| The intervertebral discs can rupture & protrude into the spinal canal, which can compress on the nerve roots & cause symptoms of ________ | At the Cervical level = numbness & tingling in the arms, which is dependent on which side the protrusion is. At the Lumbar level = numbness & tingling in legs. |
| Ligaments in the vertebral column (starting posteriorly) | supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum |
| In the Brain: dura mater is made up of what 2 layers? What is in between these layers? | 1st layer = PERIOSTEUM. 2nd layer = INNER DURA. SAGITTAL SINUS is in between the 2 layers. |
| What is located in the sagittal sinuses? | ARACHNOID VILLI, which is where CSF is reabsorbed back into the venous system |
| What dips deeply between the 2 hemispheres and divides them? | FALX CEREBRI |
| What type of bleed is epidural hemorrhage/hemotoma? Where is it located? | arterial bleed; located between skull & dura |
| What type of bleed is subdural hemotoma? Where is it located? | venous bleed located between dura & arachnoid |
| How much CSF is in the body? | 125 to 150 mL circulating around the spinal cord and brain May make up to 400 mL/day |
| Path of CSF flow | LATERAL VENTRICLES to FORAMEN OF MONROE to 3RD VENTRICLE to AQUEDUCT OF SILVIUS (AKA CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT) to 4TH VENTRICLE through either the FORAMENA OF LUSCHKA (there are 2) or FORAMEN OF MAGENDI (there is 1) to the SUBARACHNOID SPACE to bathe spinal cord |
| Brain is ___ % of body weight but gets ___% of cardiac output | 2% of body weight, gets 20% of cardiac output |
| How much blood flow to the brain per minute? | 800 - 1000 mL/minute. |
| The blood flow to the brain is via what system? | Circle of Willis, which is Internal carotid and vertebral arteries |
| _____ supplies the ophthalmic arteries | common carotid |
| Venous drainage from the brain usually happens from ____ to _____ | superficial to deep |
| Venous flow goes to ______ and out through ____ | sagittal sinus; internal jugulars |
| To supply the SPINAL CORD the _____ branches off of the vertebral arteries | anterior spinal artery |
| Anterior spinal artery supplies ___% of blood flow to the spinal cord | 75% |
| 25% of blood flow to the spinal cord comes from the 2 ______ | posterior spinal arteries |
| This artery supplies the lower 2/3 of spinal cord | Artery of Adamkowitz |
| Artery of Adamkowitz is the largest _____ | largest anterior segmental artery. |
| Artery of Adamkowitz arises from ____ | T9 - T11 |
| Damage to the Artery of Adamkowitz may result in _____ | anterior spinal artery syndrome |
| What are the symptoms of anterior spinal artery syndrome ? | loss of urinary and fecal control, impaired motor function of the legs, but intact sensory function |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| Where do the spinal nerves arise from? | Arise from the anterior and posterior horn cells of the spinal cord |
| In all regions, except ___, the nerves will form a plexus | thoracic |
| There are ___ cervical vertebrae, but there are ___ cervical nerves | 7 cervical vertebrae, 8 cervical nerves |
| Cervical plexus is ____ | C1 - C4 |
| Brachial plexus is ___ | C5 - C8, T1 |
| Thoracic plexus is ____ | There is NO thoracic plexus |
| Lumbar plexus is ____ | L2 - L4 |
| Sacral plexus is ____ | L5 - S5 |
| Dermatome is defined as ____ | area of skin that is supplied by a single spinal nerve. Each nerve relays pain from the skin back to the brain |
| Dermatome for the face is ___ | cranial nerve V = trigeminal nerve |
| Dermatome for the hand is __ | C6 - C8 |
| Dermatome for the nipples is __ | T4 |
| Dermatome for the xiphoid process is __ | T6 |
| Dermatome for the umbilicus is __ | T10 |
| Dermatome for the groin is __ | L1 |
| Dermatome for the anterior leg is __, which is also known as _____ | L2 - L4; lumbar plexus |
| Dermatome for the posterior leg is __ | S1 - S2 |
| Dermatome for the genitals is __ | S3 - S4 |
| Myotome is defined as ____ | group of muscle fibers innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root |
| "_____ keeps the diaphagm alive" | C3, 4, 5 |
| Myotome C1 - C4 supply what nerve? | phrenic nerve |
| Myotome C5 supplies what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | deltoid for arm abduction; bicep for forearm abduction |
| Myotome C6 supplies what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | brachioradialis for flexion of the forearm |
| Myotome C7 supplies what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | tricep for extension of forearm |
| Myotomes C7 & C8 supply what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | median and ulnar for hand grasp |
| Myotome T12 & L1 supply what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | rectus abdominis, iliopsoas, & sartorius for hip flexion |
| Myotomes L3 & L4 supply what muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | Quadriceps femoris for knee extension. Extensor hallucis longus for dorsiflexion of great toe |
| Myotomes S1 - S4 supply what nerve? What muscle(s)? Allows for what action? | sciatic nerve, gastrocnemius for plantar flexion |
| Cardioaccelerators are located at ____ | T1 - T4 |
| T1 - L5 is responsible for ___ | vascular tone |
| Test to assess electrical activity in the brain alone is ___ | electroencephalography |
| Test to measure the electrical activity in the brain & spinal cord is ____ | evoked potentials |
| Evoked potentials measures ____ | Integrity of sensory, motor, visual or auditory tracts during surgery. Measures latency (time) & amplitude (height/signal strength) |
| CSF analysis measures ____ and ____ | pressure and content |
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Thommy413
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