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Microbiology Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The amino acid that accounts for disulfide bonds in the tertiary structure of proteins is _______ ? | cysteine. |
| DNA is a hereditary molecule that is composed of: | deoxyribose, phosphate and nitrogen bases. |
| What is meant by DNA replication? | the exact copying of the DNA code into two new molecules |
| Proteins can function as? | enzymes, receptors, and antibodies. |
| RNA plays an important role in what biological process? | protein synthesis |
| Define solution,solvent and solute. | solution: mixture of two or more substances. solvent: Capable of dissolving another substance. solute: A substance that is dissolved by another substance to form a solution. |
| Differentiate between mono, di, and polysaccharides, and give examples of each. | Mono: 3-7 carbon sugar(glucose and fructose). Di: two monosasaccharides (maltose lactose sucrose) Polysaccharides: chains of monosaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen). |
| What characteristics of phospholipids makes them essential compenents of cell membranes? | major structural component, and selective permeability. |
| Why is the hydrophilic end of phospholipids attracted to water? | The charged heads are attracted to water, and the non polar tails are repelled from the water. |
| What makes the amino acids distinctive, and how many of them are there? | 20. They are the building blocks of proteins. |
| Explain what causes the various levels of structure of a protein molecule? | There is a natural tendency to assume more cmplex levels (primary, secondary, and tertiary). The type, number and order of amino acids in the cell. |
| What functions do proteins perform in a cell? | controls cell functions: Receptors: receive stimuli from the environment. Antibodies: proteins embedeed in cell membrane have reactive sites restricted to a center nutrient. And enzymes. |
| Pathogen | a bateria/virus/fungi that can cause a disease if introduced into a host |
| Taxonomy--why important? | Scientific arrangement of organisms into catagories to show degrees of similarities, i.e. the five animal kingdoms--to create a universal system for all creatures to be recognized by this allos for scientests to communicate effectivily about an organism |
| Viroid | A pathogenic agent that has virus-like properties composed only of a small amount of RNA and containing no protein; the RNA is reproduced during infection |
| Prion | The smallest known infectious agent; unlike a virus or bacterium, it's made up entirely of protein and contains no nucleic acid. |
| Define Microbiology | Microbiology is both the study of organisms too small to be seen by the naked eye i.e. –bacteria –fungi –viruses –protozoa –algea. In and expanded definition Microbiology is the study of organisms that can exist –as a single cell – contain nuecleic acid |
| Why do we study microbiology? | Human Health, Helpful hot harmful, effect on the environment, understanding the world around us, and infectious disease. |
| Contributions by: Carolus Linnaeus | Created Systema Natural -1758- Provided standardization for naming all organisms (as far as naming and classifiying. Species, General Families, Orders, Classes, Physical Division |
| Contributions by: Fanny Hesse | brought agar to the attention of Robert Koch in 1881. Used agar in jelly to keep it solid, Koch was having a problem keeping his media in a solid state. |
| Contributions by: Robert Hook | Prolific inventor of microscopes and telescropes. He named the cell. (1664) Prolific inventor of microscopes and telescopes, known as the single greatest experimental scientest of the 17TH Century. |
| Mixed Culture | Contains 2+ identifiable organisms |
| General purpose media | Grows organisms that are non-fatideous (not picky), faculative to anarobes. I.E. BAPBlood Agar Plate (5% sheeps red blood cells) |
| Enriched media | Allows growth of fastideous organisms (picky), the blood cells are lyced so that the nutrients in the blood such as hemoglobin are more accesible to the organism and allows them to grow easier. I.E. Chocolate Agar Plate |
| Selective media | Plate that uses addatives that enhance detection of desired organisms while inhibiting the growth of others. CNA agar (colistur (atnibiotic that retard the growth of gram neg organisms) Nalidixic Acid--Selective for growth of gram positive organisms. |
| Differential media | Aid persumptive ID based organims, by organimsm appearance in the media. I.E. Colony color Chromagar can id colony by color it becomes when grwon in the agar. MAC selects for gram neg and differentiates between lactose and non lactose organisms (MacC |
| Anaerobic media | Factory removes oxygen from the agar, also contains a reducing agent that absorbs oxygen, for growing anaerobes. |
| Transport media | Media (tube) with agar in it, agar contains buffers, salts and preservatives, and absorbants. It protects the bacteria/organism, keeps it viable during transport but does not permit growth of the organism. |
| Resolution | ability of the lens to define detail and structure. Get total magnification by multiplying objective x occular lens. EX Occular 10x, objective 40x 40x10= 400x magnification. |
| Emerging diseases | Diseases realitivly new to causing illnesses, i.e. Hanta Virus, West Nile, Dengue |
| Contaminated culture | Many unwanted unidentified species; anything over three in a urine spec is contaminated. |
| Resolving power | The ability of the microscope lens system to accurately distinguish between two separate entities that lie close to each other, also called resolution. Most important part of resolution |
| Re-emerging diseases | Diseases that caused large problems in the past, but medical science considered them under controll only to have them coming back to the fore front of illnesses again, i.e. – T.B. (many more cases in the last few years) syphallias, gonereah, and maleria |
| Mixed Culture | Contains 2+ identifiable organisms |
| General purpose media | Grows organisms that are non-fatideous (not picky), faculative to anarobes. I.E. BAPBlood Agar Plate (5% sheeps red blood cells) |
| Enriched media | Allows growth of fastideous organisms (picky), the blood cells are lyced so that the nutrients in the blood such as hemoglobin are more accesible to the organism and allows them to grow easier. I.E. Chocolate Agar Plate |
| Selective media | Plate that uses addatives that enhance detection of desired organisms while inhibiting the growth of others. CNA agar (colistur (atnibiotic that retard the growth of gram neg organisms) Nalidixic Acid0 Selective for growth of gram positive organisms. |
| Differential media | Aid persumptive ID based organims, by organimsm appearance in the media. I.E. Colony color Chromagar can id colony by color it becomes when grwon in the agar. MAC selects for gram neg and differentiates between lactose and non lactose organisms (colo |
| Anaerobic media | Factory removes oxygen from the agar, also contains a reducing agent that absorbs oxygen, for growing anaerobes. |
| Transport media | Media (tube) with agar in it, agar contains buffers, salts and preservatives, and absorbants. It protects the bacteria/organism, keeps it viable during transport but does not permit growth of the organism. |
| Resolution | ability of the lens to define detail and structure. Get total magnification by multiplying objective x occular lens. EX Occular 10x, objective 40x 40x10= 400x magnification. |
| Emerging diseases | Diseases realitivly new to causing illnesses, i.e. Hanta Virus, West Nile, Dengue |
| Pure Culture | Single known species upon inspection |
| Contaminated culture | Many unwanted unidentified species; anything over three in a urine spec is contaminated. |
| Resolving power | The ability of the microscope lens system to accurately distinguish between two separate entities that lie close to each other, also called resolution. Most important part of resolution |
| Inoculum | Small sample of bacteria. |
| Numberical aperature | The amount of light passing from the object into the object in order to maximize optical clarity and resolution. Part of what makes resolution clear. Is a combination of resolving power, focal depth, and luminosity of the image |
| Colony | Single individual mounds –come from a single bacterial cell |
| Objective lens | also called “real image”. Long lense on microscope, magnifies 10x, 40x, or 100x (100x needs oil, 10x &40x are dry) |
| Sterile | an object (collecting tool or plate ext.) completely deviod of all bacteria, viruses, fungi any organism or micro-organisms. |
| Ocular lens | also called “eye lens”. Part you look through Lens is stable, has same magnification (usually 10x), lens has the virtual image. |
| refractive index | Measure of light bending off of the specimen. |
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek | (1643) first persont to view and describe microorganisms, as a tailor became interested in looking at the finer points of fiber and continued to experiment from there until he reached the microrganic level. He used a convex lens that could get down to 3 |
| Joseph Lister | Attempted to control infections caused by bacteria, -started treating field wounds w/carbolic acids, w/a phenol solution, -started sterilizing surgical insturments, Listers techniques proved effective and lead to aseptic techniques used today. Published h |
| Ignza Semelweis | Father of handwashing, provided theory to other doctors that by not washing hands, especially after performing autopsies on dead infants (done in the morning) that the sickness was carried to later deliveries in the day causing more infants to die. His t |
| Robert Koch | German country doctor offered proof the the germ theory, by isolating the organism bacillus anthraces from dead animals then cultured it and reintroduced it to healthy animals whom fell ill and died. |
| Francesco Redi | (1668) Tested Spontaneous Growth w/ a very simple experiment, using three jars, he left on opened the other covered and a third w/gauze on it. The first uncovered jar spawned maggots and later flys, the second, covered jar nothing happened to, and the thi |
| John Needham | (1745) Biled Mutton broth and placed it in a sealed flask, in this flask bacteria grew (because it was not a sterile enviourment) proving that spontaneus generation “did” happen. |
| Louis Pasteur | (1859) Put to rest spontaneus generation once and for all. First filtering air through sterile cotton and found spores, placed the cotton in media and achieved microbial growth. His next step he created swan neck tubes, the bacteria could not travel thre |
| Woese | (1978) created the three domains. The domains are based on four charecteristics, ribosomes, member lipid structures, sensitivity to antibiotics and transfer RNA. The three domains are Eukarya (animal, plant, fungi, protist) Bacteria (all pathogenic proka |
| Whittaker | (1969) Founded the five families – Plants, Fungi, Animals, Protists, Monerans. |
| Scientific Method | is the method of sorting out fold lore from science example à Spontaneous generation vs biogenisis. First step is to form a hypothesis or an educated guess, then experiment or observe to assist or disprove your hypothesis or educated guess, after many exp |
| Germ theory of disease | microbes (not God, or bad behaviour) cause disease, or the disease process. A specific microbe is the cause of a certain disease/infection. |
| Koch's Postulates | 1. Microorganisms present every case of disease/absent in healthy animals. 2. Microorganim can be isolated then grown in pure culture 3. Inoculate a healthy host, the same disease process occures. 4. Same microorganism is now isolated from the newly d |
| Procaryote | Typically smaller then a eukaryote, does not have membrane bound nucleus or organelles. (Bacteria) |
| Eucaryote | Have membrane bound nucleus and organelles, generally more complex in make up, usually larger then a prokaryote. ( Fungi, animals, plants) |
| Viruses | Infectious agent, have RNA or DNA, not both –reproduce only in living cells. |
| What is binomial nomenclature? | Binomial nomenclature is the specific name given to each species on earth. These names are in Latin, they first contain the organisms genus (the general group to which it belongs) then narrowed down by the specific species. The Genus is always capitalized |
| Whittaker's 5 kingdoms's? | plants, fungi, animals, protists and monerans. |
| Woese's 3 domains? | Eukarya (animal, plant, fungi, protist), Bacteria (all pathogenic prokaryotes, and non pathogenic prokaryote found in soil and water), and Archae (orangisms without petidoglycan in cell walls, organims that live in extreme enviorments, such as high salt, |
| What 4 characteristics are the 3 domains based on? | These three domains are based on the organisms ribosomes, member lipid structures, sensitivity to antibiotics and transfer RNA. |
| 5 I's of Microbiology techniques | Inoculation Isolation Incubation Inspection and Identification |
| 2 ways to disposing culture plates | incinerate or autoclave |
| Liquid, semi-solid and solid media? | Liquid Media is water based, free flowing, it does not solidify above freezing tempratures. Ex. TSB Triptic Soy Broth, BHI steril saline, Nutrient broth. Semi-solid Media is .3%-.5% agar,it thickens the media but is not solid, it allows for motility of t |
| Chemically (synthetic) and complex media | Synthetic/chemically defined media is massed produced, the exact chemical composition is known, standardized and reproducable, contains inorganic salts, amino acids, glucose and vitamins. Nonsynthetic (complex)--The exact chemical composition is unknown, |
| Role of specimen transport media | to keep the bacteria/organism alive during transport whether it be from collection to the lab or from lab to lab, to ensure the bacteria is still viable to be tested so a new sample does not have to be obtained. It is not used in growing the bacteria in |
| 4 principles of microbiology | Magnification: Using light to shine or reflect to see through magnification. Resolution: Ability of the lens to define detail and sturctureClarity: Defined by light source and the lensContrast: Needed to see the bacteria. |
| Types of light microscopes | Bright Field: Most comon, has a dark image against a brighter background, the specimen absorbs some light the rest of the light is transmitted up through the ocular lens, specimen is usually stained on the slide and this provides cellular detail of organ |
| Differences between light microscopes and electron microscopes? | In light microscopes you can only magnify the organism 2000x at best depending upon equipment, you have to view the specimen through the occular lens, and the specimen can be alive. With and electron microscope you can magnify the item one million times, |
| Staining techniques | Gram stain--most common staind used. o Negative Gram = pinko Positive Gram = purple. Color is based on cell wall composition. Acid fast Stain--waxy mycolic acid that binds strongly to bacteria, differentiates between acid fast bacillus (AFB) –stains st |
| Technique used to observe live cells | To observe living cells you can use a hanging drop method, in this method you use a special slide with a small depression in the middle, place inoculem in the depression cover with a slip then turn upside down, the drop will be hanging. A fixed smear is |
| Abiogenesis refers to the..... | In the natural sciences, abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how life on Earth emerged from inanimate organic and inorganic molecules. |
| Hypothesis..... | consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable),or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible correlation between multiple phenomena. |
| Who is responsible for developing sterile lab techniques? | Carl von Linne |
| Which scientist responsible for laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest? | Louis Pasteur |
| Correct order of taxonomic categories, from most specific to most general? | species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain |
| Which of the following are procaryotic? | bacteria and andarchea |
| How would you classify a virus? | neither a procaryotic nor eucaryotic |
| The term culture refers to the ____ growth of microorganisms in _____ | macroscopic, media |
| A mixed culture is..... | one that contains two or more known species |
| Agar is superior to gelatin as a solidifying agent because agar | agar does not melt at room temp and does not usually decompsed by microrganisms |
| A real image is produced by the | objective lens. |
| A microscope that has a total magnification of 1500x when using the oil immersion objective hs an ocular of what power? | 15x |
| Motility is best observed with a .... | hanging drop preparation |
| Bacteria tends to stain more readily with cationic (postively charged) dyes because bacteria | contains large amounts of acidic substances |
| What type of medium is used to maintain and preserve specimens before clinical analysis? | Transport media |
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JulianeSn
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