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GRG301C
The Natural Environment Midterm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The two general types of weathering processes of rocks are... | Physical and Chemical |
| Not strictly a weathering process, but so intimately related to the physical disintegration of rocks that it should be defined. Results from the reduction of the pressure of confinement when a rock mass is exposed by removal of the overlying material. P | Pressure Release |
| Widespread throughout the world. Results from the volumetric expansion of water when it freezes (about 10% increase in volume). When water penetrates along rock crevices and in pores and later freezes, little pieces of rock are detached. Common in high | Frost Weathering |
| Similar to frost weathering, but occurs from the crystallization of super-saturated solutions of salts in fissures and pore spaces of rocks. When crystals grow, they expand and break the rocks. Common in deserts and along some coasts. | Salt Weathering |
| Might occur from the expansion and contraction of rocks during pronounced temperature cycles. More common in areas with wide temperature fluctuations. | Insolation Weathering |
| Basic weathering process affecting unaltered minerals as well as weathering products. Effectiveness is commonly determined by the acidity of the water. | Solution Weathering |
| This includes the process by which calcium-carbonate (CaCO3) is transformed into calcium bicarbonate by water with high content of dissolved carbon dioxide. | Carbonation Weathering |
| Results from the absorption of water by many minerals. When water is absorbed, volumetric changes take place and the resulting physical stresses cause disintegration of the minerals involved. | Hydration Weathering |
| This involves a more complex chemical reaction between the water and the mineral. There is a combination of the H and OH ions of the water and the ions of the mineral. This produces partial decomposition of the mineral. Commonly seen in the disintegrat | Hydrolysis Weathering |
| Process involving the combination of oxygen with minerals. Usually involves water in which oxygen is dissolved. Iron minerals are prone to rapid oxidation. | Oxidation Weathering |
| A complex process involving the formation of organic acids from rotting vegetation. These organic acids strongly influence the solubility of certain elements, such as iron. | Chelation Weathering |
| A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100km and in some regions extends as deep as 700km. The rock within this zone is easily deformed. | Asthenosphere |
| A nearly flat surface separating two beds of sedimentary rock. Each bedding plane marks the end of one deposit and the beginning of another having different characteristics. | Bedding Plane |
| One way in which sedimentary rocks are lithified. As material precipitates from water that percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined into solid mass. | Cementation |
| The processes by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements. | Chemical Weathering |
| A type of lithification in which the weight of overlying materials compresses more deeply buried sediment. It is most important in fine-grained sedimentary rocks such as shale. | Compaction |
| An orderly arrangement of atoms | Crystal |
| The boundary between two dissimilar materials in the Earth's interior as determined by the behavior of seismic waves. i.e. Moho | Discontinuity |
| Igneous activity that occurs at Earth's surface. | Extrusive |
| A rock formed by the crystallization of molten magma. | Igneous Rock |
| Igneous rock that formed below Earth's surface. | Intrusive Rock |
| The process, generally by cementation and/or compaction, of converting sediments to solid rock. | Lithification |
| The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle | Lithosphere |
| Rock formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids. | Metamorphic Rock |
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sparkdu66
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