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Adv AP Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a gene? | made of DNA, contributes to physical traits found on chromosomes, chain of neucleotides, heredity. |
| What is a neucleotide? | A structural unit of DNA and RNA; made of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate group. |
| What is an enzyme? | A protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction. A globular protein that at acts as a biological catalyst. |
| What is a substrate? | A molecule upon which an enzyme acts. |
| What is translation? | The final step on the way from DNA to protein. The nucleic acid language is translated to the proteins (amino acid sequence), occurs in the cytoplasm. |
| What is transcription? | transfer of information from a DNA gene's base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule. |
| Four major elements of the human body? | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. |
| What is DNA? | de oxy ribo nucleic acid |
| What is RNA? | ribo nucleic acid |
| Protein: | composes 10-30% of cell mass, and is the basic structural material of the body. proteins are made in the ribosomes |
| What are amino acids? | Building blocks of proteins, 20 common types. changing the order of amino acids changes the protein |
| What is nucleic acid? | composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorous, are the largest molecules in the body. Their structural units are called nucleotides. |
| Where is DNA found? | nucleus of cell; DNA is located on the chromosomes in the nucleus |
| Where is RNA found? | outside the nucleus |
| What composes DNA? | GC AT |
| What composes RNA? | GC AU |
| The three major varieties of RNA? | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine Triphoshpate; energy release during glucose catabolism. |
| What is a phenotype? | The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, for example hair color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease. Phenotypic traits are not necessarily genetic |
| What is a genotype? | The genetic makeup of an organism |
| What is an allele? | different forms of a trait; are from each parent; either dominent or recessive. |
| Sex chromosome? | XX female; XY male |
| ______ and ______ are nucleic acids. | DNA and RNA |
| What are the structural units of nucleic acids? | Nucleotides |
| Which are nitrogenous bases whch can also be describes as purines (double structure) | A and G |
| Which are nitrogenous baes which can also be described as pyrimidines (single-ring structures). | T U and C |
| What is a codon? | The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis. 64 possible. |
| What is methylation? | Methylation is a term used in the chemical sciences to denote the attachment or substitution of a methyl group on various substrates |
| What is acetylation? | the addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) group to a molecule |
| First 3 steps in protein synthesis? | DNA is replicated. RNA polymerase initates transcription at the DNA promoter region. Ribonucleotides bind to the DNA template strand forming an mRNA transcript. |
| Second 3 steps in protein synthesis? | The mRNA transcript leaves the nucleus and binds with a robosomal subunit. An initiator rRNA binds to the AUG condon (coding for methionine) at the P site initiating translation. Another tRNA binds wiht the next codon on the A site. |
| Third 3 steps in protein synthesis? | A peptide bond forms between the amino acids and the ribosomal subunit moves to the next codon. A stop codon moves onto the A site triggering a protein release factor to bind (releasing the mRNA transcript.) A new polypeptide chain is released. |
| What is homologous? | pairs of structually identical chromosomes that associate together during Prophase I of meiosis, each member of a pair is derived from a different parent. |
| What is heterogygus? | contrasting members of a given pair of alleles in an individual. |
| What is a hybrid? | offspring between two unlike indivuals. |
| What are the 5 steps of mitosis? | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase. 46 dipliod chromosomes. |
| What is interphase? | nuclear membrane is present, nucleus is present, DNA is located there and chromosomes replicate, DNA replication steps occur transcription/translation. |
| What is prophase? | nucleus disappears, chromosomes become distrinct |
| What is metaphase? | cells line in in the middle |
| What is anaphase? | chromosomes separate and move to the poles |
| What is telephase? | nuclear membrane forms around each areas of chromosomes. Cytokinesis--coming together and pinching off. |
| What is meiosis? | reproductive cell division. Meiosis I 2 daughter cells and 23 haploid chromosomes. Meiosis II another 4 daughter cells with 23 haploid chromosomes. |
| What step of mitosis does DNA replication occur? | Interphase. |
| Three steps of translation? | initiation, elongation and termination. |
| Genetic Controllers: Promotioner Region | controlled by hormonal signals |
| Genetic Controllers: Enhancers | increase rate of transcription |
| Genetic Controllers: Exons | determine how the transcription is made |
| Genetic Controllers: Nuclear Envelop | control messenter RNA |
| Genetic Controllers: Insertions and deletions | condons with an extra A or U, happens randomly and causes mutations |
| Genetic Controllers: phosphorylation | occurs at the end of messenger RNA, determines how long messenger RNA can translate |
Created by:
JulianeSn
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