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Bio II Chap 24 Rvw
Biology II Chapter 24 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Compare and contrast vertebrate and invertebrate (include endoskeleton and exoskeleton in your explanation and specific examples). | A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone (these animals usually have an endoskeleton). Ex: a squirrel. An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone (these animals usually have exoskeletons). Ex: a cicada. |
| Explain sexual reproduction and the methods that accomplish it. | Sexual reproduction happens when there is a male animal to produce sperm & a female animal to produce eggs (or hermaphroditic animals for both). The sperm penetrates the egg to form a zygote. This fertilization can occur internally or externally. |
| Explain asexual reproduction and the methods that accomplish it. | Asexual reproduction happens when a single parent animal produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself. This reproduction can come in the form of budding, fragmentation, regeneration, and parthenogenesis. |
| Be able to label the stages of early development. | Sperm, Egg, Fertilization, 2-cell stage, 16-cell stage, Blastula, Gastrula |
| Describe each layer of tissue development. | Ecto- outer layer; becomes skin/nervous tissue Meso- between endo/ectoderm; becomes muscle tissue & circulatoryexcretory/espiratory systems Endo- inner layer of cells in the gastrula; becomes the digestive organs & digestive tract lining |
| Compare and contrast each type of symmetry and give specific examples for each. | Asymmetry- irregular shape,no balance in structure. (Sponge) Radial- can be divided among any plane through a central axis, into roughly equal halves. (Jellyfish) Bilateral- mirror image halves only along one plane through a central axis. (Hummingbird) |
| Describe the 3 body cavities that animals can develop. | Coelom- formed from mesoderm that lines & encloses the organs in coelom. Pseudocoelom- fluid-filled cavity between the mesoderm & the endoderm. Acoelom- solid bodies w/ no fluid-filled cavity between the gut & body wall. |
| Give an example of each of the 3 body types that animals can develop. | Coelomate; a human-- Pseudocoelomate; a roundworm-- Acoelomate; a flatworm |
| Compare and contrast development in coelomate animals. | Coelomate animals can either be protostomes or deuterostomes. In a protostome, the mouth develops from the first opening in the gastrula. In a deuterostome, the anus develops from the first opening in the gastrula. |
| Explain how a sponge feeds. | A sponge feeds by “filter feeding”. This means the organism gets food by filtering small particles from the water. |
| What are archaeocytes and how do they help the sponge? | Archaeocytes are amoeba-like cells that help the sponge with digestion, the production of eggs/sperm, and excretion. Archaeocytes can also secrete spicules. |
| How does a sponge respond to stimuli? Why? | A sponge does not have a nervous system, so they use their epithelial-like cells to detect external stimuli and respond by closing the sponges pores to stop the water flow. |
| Explain asexual reproduction in a sponge. | Fragmentation (a broken piece of sponge develops into a new sponge), budding (a small growth breaks off, settles, and forms a new sponge), or by producing gemmules (contain sponge cells that survive and eventually grow again). |
| Explain sexual reproduction in a sponge. | Sexual reproduction in a sponge comes through (mostly) hermaphroditic behavior. The fertilized eggs stay in the sponge while the sperm is released into the water. When the sperm reaches a sponge it fertilizes the egg and reproduction occurs normally |
| What is the phylum name for a sponge? | Porifera |
| What is the phylum name for a cnidarian? | Cnidaria |
| Explain the body structure of a cnidarian. | Cnidarians have one body opening and (most) have 2 layers of cells. The outer layer of cells protects the internal body and the inner layer functions in digestion. Cnidarians also have symmetry. |
| Explain how a cnidarian feeds. | A cnidarian feeds by stinging its prey and paralyzing it and then breaking it down with digestive acids to eat it because it cannot chew its food. |
| How does a cnidarian respond to stimuli? | A cnidarian responds to stimuli by using its nervous system called a nerve net to conduct impulses to and from all parts of the organism. These impulses can cause contractions in the cnidarian’s muscles. |
| Explain the 2 body types of a cnidarian. | The two body types of a cnidarian are a polyp and a medusa. A polyp is sessile and it has a tube-shaped body and a mouth surrounded by tentacles, and a medusa is free-floating and it has an umbrella-shaped body and tentacles that hang down. |
| Explain the reproduction of a cnidarian. | Cnidarians at the medusa stage release eggs and sperm into the water where fertilization occurs. Then the zygotes develop into free-floating larvae that grow into polyps which reproduce asexually to form new medusae. |
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