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B5.4 - Environment
Responding to the Environment - OCR A2 Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Innate behaviour: | An animals response that occurs without the need for learning. It is an inherited response. |
| Define Reflexes (innate): | Involuntary responses that follow a specific patter in response to a particular stimulus. |
| Define Kineses (innate): | These are orientation behaviours where the rate of movement increases when an organism is in unfavourable conditions. |
| Define Taxes (innate): | This is a directional orientation response, either towards or away from the stimulus. |
| Define Learned behaviour: | A change in behaviour as a result of an experience. This enables animals to respond to changing environmental conditions. |
| Define Habituation (learned): | Where animals learn to ignore stimuli as it neither rewards nor punishes. |
| Define Imprinting (learned): | Some animals associate the first moving thing that they see to be their parent. |
| Describe Classical Conditioning (learned): | Animals learn to associate 2 un-related stimuli together. (Pavlov's dogs) |
| Describe Operant Conditioning (learned): | Trial and error learning, animals change their behaviour depending on reward or punishment. |
| Describe Latent/Exploratory learning (learned): | Animals retain information about their surroundings that is not of immediate use but may help their survival in the future. |
| Describe Insight learning (learned): | This is regarded as the highest form or learning. It is based on the ability to reason and solve problems, once a problem is solved this information is remembered. |
| What is Dopamine? | A neurotransmitter and a hormone. |
| What is DDR4? | One of the five genes that code for Dopamine receptors. |
| What are the levels of DDR4 like in someone with ADHD? | DDR4 has beens shown to be more frequent in individuals suffering from ADHD. |
| What two things are responsible for specific behaviours? | A product of both genes, and the environment. |
| What is the name of the place in plants that growth can occur? | Meristems. |
| Where is an Apical Meristem located? | At the top of the roots and shoots. |
| Where is a Lateral Bud Meristem located? | In the Buds. |
| Define Tropism: | Growth responses towards/away from stimuli. |
| What do Auxins do? | The stimulate shoot growth by promoting cell elongation. |
| How do Auxins promote cell elongation? | They actively transport Hydrogen ions into the cell wall. This lowers the pH, making it optimum for enzymes called Expansins. This breaks down the bonds in Cellulose. |
| Define Abscission: | The shedding of leaves/fruit. |
| Define Senescence: | The ageing , browning and dying of leaves. |
| Leaf senescence decreases the production of auxins, what does this mean for cells in the abscission zone? | The cells become more sensitive to Ethene. Production of Ethene increases as Auxin production decreases, the production of cellulase also increases (this digests the walls of the cells) |
| Give some commercial uses of Auxins: | Selective weed killers, seedless fruit (if sprayed on un-pollinated plants), prevent fruit abscission. |
| Give some commercial uses of Gibberellins: | Stimulate cell division, they delay senescence in citrus fruit, act with cytokinins to make apples elongate. |
| Give some commercial uses of Cytokinins: | Found in developing fruits/roots, involved in senescence, stimulate the development of the auxiliary bud, used in plant tissue culture. |
| Give some commercial uses of Ethene/Ethylene: | Ripening fruit, shoot elongation, flowering, fruit growers can use it to promote fruit ripening (or slow it down using Carbon Dioxide) |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of? | Sensory and Motor neurones. |
| What does the Central Nervous System consist of? | The brain and Spinal cord. |
| Describe Parasympathetic nerves: | Most active during sleep, slow things down, Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, they vary in length. |
| Describe Sympathetic nerves: | Most active at times of stress, they're short as they link at a ganglion just outside the Spinal Cord, Noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter. |
| How is adrenaline released? | The stimuli activates the Hypothalamus. This stimulates increased activity of the Sympathetic nerves, triggering the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. |
| What is Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)? | This stimulates the release of Adreno-Corticotropin Hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. This stimulates the release of other hormones from the Adrenal Cortex. |
| What are the effects of adrenaline? | Increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, pupil dilation, increased blood glucose, constrict smooth muscles in arterioles near the surface of the skin. |
| What are Stressors? | A stimulus that causes a stress response. It causes wear and tear on the body's physical and mental resources. |
| What three areas are within the cerebral cortex? | Sensory areas, association areas and motor areas. |
| What does the Cerebellum control? | It regulates balance, posture and movement. (involuntary muscle movement) |
| What does the Cerebrum control? | This controls conscious muscle movement, intelligence, reasoning, imagination and judgement. |
| What does the Medulla Oblongata do? | It controls automatic functions such as breathing and the heartbeat. It also controls the autonomic nervous system. |
| What does the Hypothalamus do? | This is responsible for Homeostasis (regulating the body's internal environment) |
| What is a neuromuscular junction? | A synapse between a motor neurone and an effector. |
| What happens when an action potential arrives at a pre-synaptic neurone? | Vesicles containing acetylcholine fuse with the membrane at the end of the neurone. Acetylcholine is released across the neuromuscular junction. |
| What happens when Acetylcholine binds with the receptor sites on the muscle membrane? | The membrane becomes depolarised. This spreads along the membrane, including the T-Tubules. |
| When the membrane of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes depolarised, what happens? | The membrane becomes more permeable to calcium ions. These then flood into the Sarcoplasm, and bind to Troponin on the filaments in the muscle fibre. |
| What happens when Calcium ions bind with the Troponin on the muscle fibre? | Myosin filaments can now bind to the actin, resulting in muscle contractions. |
| What is the A-Band? | This is the length of the myosin filament. |
| What is the H-Zone? | The gap between the ends of two actin filaments. |
| What is the Sarcomere? | The distance between two adjacent Z-Lines. |
| Describe the thin-filament Myosin: | Bundles of the protein Myosin, each myosin has a tail and 2 heads. |
| Describe the thick-filament Actin: | Made up of two proteins: Tropomyosin and Troponin. |
| What does Tropomyosin do? | This wraps around the Actin filament to reinforce it, but in doing so covers the myosin binding site. |
| What are the three different types of muscle? | Voluntary/skeletal (e.g. Biceps), Involuntary/smooth muscle (e.g. Arterioles, eyes), Cardiac (Heart muscle) |
| Describe Voluntary muscle: | Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a cell membrane called a Sarcolemma. Multiple Nuclei, the muscle cell cytoplasm is called the sarcoplasm. |
| Descrive involuntary muscle: | Single-nucleate, spindle shaped with pointy ends, contract slowly and don't fatigue, found in hollow internal organs. |
| Describe Cardiac muscle: | Myogenic (autonomic nervous system), contracts rhythmically, connected by intercalated discs, single-nucelate, they're branched to allow the quick spreading of nerve impulses. |
Created by:
Sparksy
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