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bio lab3
bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neural communication | when the chemical messenger diffuses across the synaptic cleft formed between the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron and the membrane of the post synaptic membrane or other "target cell. neuroendocrine cells |
| Endocrine communication | when cells release their chemical messengers into the bloodstream, which carries various target tissues. Chemical messengers are hormones. Endocrine hormones are the messengers |
| paracrine communication | occurs when the chemical messenger simply diffuse through the extracellular fluid to neighboring target cells. paracrine agents are important in the immune system |
| autocrine communication | when a cell responds to the chemical messenger it secreted a moment or two ago. (communication with ones self) |
| four basic methods of communication | Neurual, Autocrine, Endocrine, Paracrine |
| Five organs with only endocrine function | pineal, pituitary,parathyroid,thyroid, adrenals |
| 3 functions of hormones of major hormones categories | homeostais, digestion and matabolism, Reproduction growth and development |
| 5 chemical hormone classes | steriods, peptides and proteins,amines, eicosanoids, retinoids |
| steriods | derived from cholesterol and lip-soluable; includes estrogen, alderosterone, cortisol |
| peptides and proteins | varying length of chains of amino acids that are water-soluble |
| amines | simplest of hormone molecules. Include catecholamines(epinephrine and norepinephrine both water soluble) and thyroid hormones which are lipid soluble |
| eicosanoids | prostaglandins is the most important |
| retinoids | derived from vitamin A, retinol. important role in vertebrate development |
| Intracellular receptors for lipid soluble hormones | steriod and thyroid hormones are lipid soluble, and diffuse easily across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell they bind with special hormone receipt proteins and enter the nucleus of the target cell, where they bind to DNA. |
| cell surface receptors for water soluble hormones | proteins that span the plasma membrane of the target cell. Since water soluble hormones can't pass through membrane, they bind to a receptor on the surface of a target cell |
| extracellular domain | projects outside the plasma membrane into the extracellular fluid. This region binds to the hormone |
| intracellular domain | projects inside the cell into the cytoplasm. |
| intramembranous domain | part of the molecule embedded in the plasma membrane |
| transcription factor | turning genes on or off |
| three ways hormone secretion is controlled | by other hormones, neural mechanisms (vis hypothalamus) and by other substances, often dissolved in the blood or interstitial fluid. |
| negative feedback mechanisms | controll hormone concentrations in the blood, preventing them from swinging wildly from one extreme to another. |
| Hypothalamus | pituitary complex secrets into the circulation eight hormones that regular growth, production and ejection of milk and growth of mammary glands, water metabolism, and functions of the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads |
| CRH | corticotropin- releasing hormone(hypothalamus) |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin- releasing hormone(Hypo) |
| GRH | growth releasing hormones |
| PIH | prolactin releasing inhibitory factor |
| TRH | Thyrotroin releasing hormone |
| anterior pituitary | secretion of hormones are stimulated or inhibited by release or release inhibiting hormones synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamus |
| ACTH | Adrenocorticotopic hormone(AP) |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone(AP) |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone(AP) |
| HG | Growth hormone(AP) |
| prolactin | (AP) |
| TSH | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| posterior pituitary | antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin |
| isthmus | bridge of tissue in the thyroid gland |
| colloid | a structureless protein found in follicles |
| Thyroid hormones | Thyroine(t4) triiodothyronine(T3) calcitonin |
| Parathyroid gland | parathyroid hormone |
| adrenal medulla | epinephrine, norepinephrine, peptides |
| pineal | melatonin |
| pancreas | Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, F cells |
| Gonads (two) | Overies and testes |
| ovaries | estrogens, progesterone, inhibitin |
| testes | androgen, inhibin |
| placenta | Estrogens, progesterone, relexin, HCG |
| Kidneys | Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastric inhibitory peptide |
| liver | somatomedin, erythropoietin |
| skin | vitamin d |
| heart | atrial natriuretic |
| adipose tissue | leptin |
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