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Anatomy 301 Test 1
Chapters 1 / 3 / 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who was the "Father of Medicine", the first to believe that disease was NOT as a result of punishment from the gods, but from environmental factors? | Hippocrates |
| Who was the father of Anatomy, and the first scientist to perform cadaver dissections. Also performed vivsections. | Herophilus |
| Who was the Roman Physician who greatly contributed to anatomy, but had to perform his dissections on monkeys due to cadaver dissections being illegal (lead to many things being incorrect) | Galen |
| Belgain Physician: wrote one of the most infulential anatomy books named "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" and proved many of Galen's theories of anatomy was incorrect by performing dissections on human cadavers | Andreas Versalius |
| Concers the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another | Anatomy |
| Concerns teh FUNCTION of the body parts and how they work together to carry out activities | Physiology |
| The study of the development of the first 8 weeks after an egg has been fertilized | Embryology |
| The complete development of structures from fertilization to death | Developmental Anatomy |
| Study of the structure and function of cells | Cytology |
| microscopic study of tissues | Histology |
| Understanding large body structures (heart, kidney, nerves) | Gross anatomy |
| Study all of the structures associated with a particular region (upper extremity - all muscles, bones, vessels, nerves etc.) | Regional Anatomy |
| Study of each individual system | Systemic anatomy |
| Understanding the relationship of internal structures with overlying skin (important in palpation:feeling size, shape, place, firmness of a structure under the skin) | Surface Anatomy |
| Level: Atoms form molecules | Chemical level |
| Level: Molecules form cells | Cellular level |
| Level: Similar cells make up tissues | Tissue level |
| Level: Organs that work closely together | Organ system level |
| Level: All organ systems together | Organismal level |
| The body's 11 organ systems | Integumentary, Nervous, Lymphatic, Urinary, Skeletal, Endocrine, Respiratory, Reproductive, Muscular, Cardiovascular, Digestive |
| The reference point fromwhich all anatomical structures are described | Anatomical Position |
| 3 Things in Anatomical Position | Body is erect with feet slightly apart, head forward, arms at side with palms forward |
| Body lying face down | Prone |
| Body lying face up | Supine |
| Toward the head or upper part of a structure or body | Superior (cranial, rostral) |
| Away from the head OR toward the lower part of the structure or body | Inferior (caudal) |
| Toward teh front of the body; in front of | Anterior (ventral) |
| Toward teh back of the body; behind | Posterior (dorsal) |
| Toward or at the midline of the body | Medial |
| Away from the midline of teh body | Lateral |
| Toward the point of attachment | Proximal |
| Away from teh point of attachment | Distal |
| Toward or at the body surface; external | Superficial |
| Away from the body surface; internal | Deep |
| Divides the body into left and right parts | Sagittal |
| Divides the body into left and right parts (equal parts) | Midsagittal |
| Divides the body into left and right parts (unequal parts) | Parasagittal |
| Divides the body into superior and inferior parts | Transverse (horizontal; cross sectional) |
| Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | Frontal (coronal) |
| Passes through body at an angle | Oblique |
| Spaces within the body that hold and protect the vesceral organs | Body cavities |
| Two major cavities with subdivisions for each | Dorsal and Ventral body cavity |
| Dorsal Body Cavity: enclosed by the skull, encases the brain | Cranial Cavity |
| Dorsal Body Cavity: Enclosed by the vertebrae, encases teh spinal cord | Vertebral Cavity (canal) |
| Line the dorsal body cavity and surround the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| Ventral Body Cavity: enclosed by the ribs, sternum and vertebrae, houses teh lungs and heart | Thoracic Cavity |
| Ventral Body Cavity: Enclosed by the muscular abdominal wall, vertebrae and pelvis, encases the majority of the digestive organs, kidneys, bladder and internal male and female reproductive organs | Abdominopelvic Cavity |
| Separates the Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity | diaphragm |
| Thoracic Cavity: Hold the lungs surrounded by pleura | Pleural Cavities |
| Thoracic Cavity: Holds the heart surrounded by pericardium | Pericardial Cavity |
| Thoracic Cavity: Region between the 2 pleural cavities | Mediastinum |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity: contains stomach intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and peritoneum | Abdominal cavity |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity: contains portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum | Pelvic cavity |
| Cavity that contains: (mouth) teeth and toungue | Oral cavity |
| Cavity that contains: nose | Nasal Cavity |
| Cavity that contains: eyes and associated muscles | Orbital cavity |
| Cavity that contains: the bones of the ear (ossicles) | Middle ear cavity |
| Cavity that contains: joints | Synovial cavities |
| Abdominopelvic Quadrants are divided sagittaly by the: | median line |
| Abdominopelvic quadrants are divied horizontally by: | transumbilical line |
| Number of Abdominopelvic quadrants: | four |
| Abdominopelvic regions: divided sagittaly by: | midclavicular lines |
| Abdominopelvic regions: divided horizontally by | subcostal line and transtubercular line |
| Abdominopelvic regions: the top right and top left corner are: | Hypocondriac regions |
| Abdominopelvic regions: the bottom left and bottom right corners are: | inguinal regions |
| Abdominopelvic regions: the middle upper and middle lower regions are | epigastric and hypogastric |
| Abdominopelvic regions: the middle region is: | umbilical region |
| The walls of teh ventral cavity and the outer surface of organs are covered by a thin-double layered membrane called the: | serosa or serous membrane |
| Serous membranes are divided into two layers called: | Parietal layer and Visceral layer |
| The serous membrane layer that adheres to the wall of the cavity | Parietal layer |
| The serous membrane layer that adheres to the outside of the organ | Visceral layer |
| The fluid that separates the parietal and visceral layers of serous membranes | serous fluid |
| Serous membrane that surrounds the pleural cavity and the lungs | Pleura |
| Serous membrane that surrounds the pericardial cavity and the heart | Pericardium |
| Serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs | Peritoneum |
| Feeling body surfaces with the hands | Palpation |
| To listen to body sounds usually with a stethoscope | Auscultation |
| Tapping body surfaces and listening for an echo | Percussion |
| X-rays passing through the body onto film | Radiography |
| Before and after imaging of dye passing through arteries and veins | Digital Substration Angiography |
| Computer assisted radiography in which x-rays are directed in many different angles around a section of the body: visualizes soft tissues and can render a 3-D image when put together | Computed Tomography (CT) |
| Uses sound waves reflected off of body tissues to produce images: Safe, non-invasive way to visualize fetuses during pregnancy | Sonography (ultra-sound) |
| Body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field that arranges protons in teh body in relation to the field. A pulse of radio waves "reads these ion patterns which can be observed as color coded patterns on a video monitor. Shows soft tissues, no radiation | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
| Body is injected with positrons (positively charged particles) and it is taken up by tissues. The collision of positrons with negatively charged electrons produces gamma rays which are picked up by gamma ray cameras to produce an image | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
| A group of cells and their surrounding materials that work together to perform a specific function | Tissue |
| Four major types of Tissue | Epithelial, Connective, muscle, nervous |
| The study of tissues | Histology |
| During formation of the embryo, how many germ layers are formed | three |
| The outer germ layer. gives rigse to nervous and epithelial | Ectoderm |
| The inside germ layer, gives rise to the epithelial lining of organ systems | Endoderm |
| The middle germ layer: gives rise to muscle, connective and epithelal | Mesoderm |
| _______ Tissues are sheets of compact cells in single or multiple layers | Epithelial |
| Tissues located: outer layer of skin and mucous membranes, lining the body cavities and hollow organs (lines blood vessels, ducts, organ systems) and Forms glands (secretory portion of glands) | Epithelial |
| Major characteristics of epithelial tissues | Closely packed cless with little extracellular matrix (arranged in sheets of single or multiple layers), polarity, specialized contacts/junctions, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration |
| Epithelial cells have ______ (2 sides) | polarity |
| Epithelial lining: Free/exposed side (faces outside / towards a lumen or cavity) (some contain microvilli or cilia) | Apical surface |
| (surface)Opposite to the apical surface it is attached to epithelial cells below it or if it is the bottom most layer it will attach to the basement membrane | Basal surface |
| (surface) Attaches to the sides of the cell adjacent to it (contains some type of junction) | Lateral surface |
| All epithelial sheets are connected to underlying connective tissue via the basement membrane, a thin extracellular layer. They are attached via ________ | hemidesmosomes |
| The basement membrane has 2 parts: | basal lamina reticular lamina |
| The part of the basement membrane that consists of a thin layer of collagen fibers, laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Lies closer to and is secreted by epithelial tissue | Basal lamina |
| Part of the basement membrane that is composed of a thin layer of collagen fibers. Lies closer to and is secreted by the connective tissue (fibroblasts) | Reticular lamina |
Created by:
jb747
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