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Psychology Exam #1
Chapter 1, 2, 3, 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mind | thoughts & feelings |
| brain | nervous system & anything associated with it |
| behavior | actions |
| Why is it hard to study psychology? | people change, are different, & experience things differently (variability) mind prone to error & illusion |
| What serves as the stable factor when studying psychology? | mind & brain are tuned to the world modest degree of prediction (causal events) |
| psychology is a product of __________ & __________ | philosophy & physiology |
| Why is psychology considered a science? | it measures & predicts thoughts, behaviors, & brain processes |
| animism | there is a life-giving spirit for anything that lives/moves |
| dualism | mind & body separate mind can't be studied scientifically |
| psychology | study of mind, brain, behavior, & their interactions |
| modified dualism (Descartes) | some behavior controlled by body & doesn't need a soul soul thinks & is uniquely human |
| What part of the brain did Descartes believe allow the mind to interact with the body? | pineal gland (good position & looked like a mini brain) |
| materialism (Mill & Hobbes) | mind product of the brain (no soul) |
| empiricism (Locke) | knowledge acquired through sensory experiences opposed nativism |
| natural selection (Darwin) | behavior influences how characteristics evolve |
| different scientists who tried to understand brain & nervous system (7) | Galvani - frog muscles & electricity Muller - nerve energies differ Flourens - ablation of brain Broca - "Tan" & language centers Fritsch, Hitzig, Penfield - sensory/motor cortices Helmholtz - stimulus & reaction time Weber - sensory magnitudes |
| Who founded psychology? When? Where? | Wundt; 1879; laboratory in Livitz, Germany |
| structuralism (Titchener @ Cornell) | components of thought (parts make whole) & introspection (looking at oneself) - not replicable/consistent |
| functionalism (James @ Harvard) | focused on roles of thought & behavior (reasoning) & how they adapt |
| psychoanalysis (Freud & Jung) | a lot happened in the unconscious |
| Gestalt psychology (Wertheimer, Kohler, Lewin) | whole is different from the sum of its parts context & expectations influence what you see |
| behaviorism (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner) | focused on observables & not mind fails to take mental processes & evolutionary history into account |
| What are the 2 categories in psychological disciplines/areas? | applied & research |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | 1. identify problem/theory 2. derive hypotheses 3. design experiment to collect data 4. analyze data to potentially modify theory/hypothesis (cannot prove, but can disprove) |
| hypothesis | educated guess, falsifiable ideas in should/shouldn't format |
| theory | explanation of how things work |
| experiment | controlled situation to manipulate variables & measure their effects |
| phrenology | specific mental abilities associated with parts of brain |
| hysteria | loss of cognitive/motor functions temporarily |
| humanistic psychology | approach to understanding humans with emphasis on positive potential |
| cognitive psychology | study of mental processes |
| behavioral neuroscience | links psychological processes to nervous system |
| cognitive neuroscience | understand links b/w cognitive processes & brain activity |
| evolutionary psychology | mind & behavior adaptive & preserved by natural selection |
| social psychology | causes/consequences of human interaction presence of people has an effect |
| cultural psychology | how cultures reflect & shape psychological processes |
| absolutism | culture has little influence on psychology |
| relativism | phenomena vary & should be viewed in context of specific culture |
| What are the 3 experimental variables? | independent variables (manipulated) dependent variables (measured) control variable (constant) |
| What do experiments help us understand? | cause & effect |
| correlational studies | no manipulation helps to see relationships |
| case studies | idiosyncratic - specific to an individual insightful, but not generalizable |
| observational studies | no experiments recording activities over time |
| 2 important components to research | counterbalancing - balance out costs to remove variability & see only your effects random assignment |
| expectancy factors | unconscious expectations from researchers can influence outcome |
| demand characteristics | if they know about the study, participants can act a certain way |
| single-blind studies | participants don't know, but researcher does |
| double-blind studies | neither participant nor researcher knows removes bias |
| experiments/studies should have _______ & ________ | replicability & generalizability |
| generalizability | replicable in other labs & with a wider audience |
| Mozart effect | people who listen to Mozart score better on intelligence tests NOT replicable |
| What needs to be done in order to make research ethically right? | informed consent - sign a form debriefing - tell them everything after confidentiality IRB (institutional review board) - approves studies value - cost/benefit ratio |
| rules of conducting a study | -no needless harm -help others -no coercion -deception needs a good reason -protect powerless & vulnerabl (minors, handicapped, prisoners) |
| validity | how well is what you're trying to study measured (most are invalid) |
| types of validity | internal - with respect to study external - outside of study |
| reliability | replicability |
| inter-rater reliability | consensus that exists in a method/tool used with studies using subjective judgements |
| normal data distribution curve | bell curve with concentration near middle |
| descriptive statistics | describes data & distribution |
| inferential statistics | evaluate hypotheses using probability |
| types of descriptive statistics | central tendency & variability |
| types of central tendency | mean (arithmetic average) median (middle score) mode (most popular response) |
| When do you want to use the median value? | extreme values |
| bimodal data | when there are 2 extremes & very little people are in the middle |
| types of variability | range & standard deviation |
| types of data plots | scatterplots (correlations) bar charts (categorical) line charts (continuous data over time) pie charts (distribution) |
| What do error bars show us on line charts? | reliable differences same bar caused by random variation |
| Type I error | p < 0.05 when 2 things seem different from each other, but they're not |
| Type II error | 2 things don't seem different, but they are fixed by power increase |
| rule of parsimony | start w/ simplest theory |
| parts of Belmont Report | respect for persons beneficience (max benefits & min risks) justice (benefits & risks distributed equally) |
| third variable correlation | 2 variables correlated only because each is causally related to third variable |
| matched samples technique | participants identical in terms of third variable |
| matched pairs technique | participant identical to one other in terms of a third variable |
| parts of a neuron | soma, nucleus, axon, dendrites, myelin sheath, nodes of ravier |
| axon | where info goes out has neurotransmitters on the end |
| dendrites | where info comes in |
| myelin sheath | facilitates & increases speed of info transfer |
| nodes of ranvier | gaps in between axons |
| types of myelin | white matter - myelinated neurons (white = fat) gray matter - unmyelinated |
| 3 types of neurons | afferent (sensory) - periphery to CNS efferent (motor) - CNS to periphery interneurons - shuffling info to help mind think |
| glial cells | helps maintains neurons |
| How do glial cells support neurons? | -provide nutrients -clean up waste -hold neurons in place -insulate neurons -remove dead neurons -create myelin |
| neural transmission | neural impulse --> synapse |
| What's the resting potential of a neuron? | -77 mV |
| What happens to the electrical charge of a neuron during the action potential? | gets more positive |
| neural firing | all or none - either they fire or they don't randomly fires more impulse = more firing |
| 2 important components of neural coding | rate & pattern of neural firing |
| What two ions play a role in neural firing? | potassium and sodium |
| What is the charge inside the channel during the resting period? | negative |
| What happens during depolarization? | Na ions flow in |
| What happens during repolarization? | K ions flow out & Na gates close |
| What happens during hyperpolarization/refractory period? | K gates close pump moves Na ions out & K ions in no action potential can be initiated |
| What happens in between synapses? | -lock & key system -binding site on post-synaptic neuron for vesicles -neurotransmitters are released |
| What are the two types of neurons involved in neural firing? | excitatory (depolarization) inhibitory (hyperpolarization) |
| glutamate | -excitatory -binds to NMDA & AMPA receptors -deactivated by alcohol -sensory neurons involved with learning -precursor for GABA |
| GABA | -inhibitory -anxiety regulation & learning -stimulated by alcohol, barbituates, benzodiazapine |
| neuromodulators | accentuate/diminish neurotransmitters |
| two types of neuromodulators | agonist & antagonist |
| endorphins | -inhibitory -opiods (pain regulation) -blocked by Naloxone |
| cannabinoids | repress neurotransmitter release |
| what can happen to the vesicles after neurotransmitters are released? | reuptake with autoreceptors enzymatic deactivation/neutralization |
| Prozac | -re-uptake blocker of serotonin -agonist |
| how does learning occur? | altered connections at dendrites pruning - taking out bad/not needed connections plasticity - modification neurogenesis |
| two parts of the nervous system | peripheral & CNS |
| two parts of the PNS | autonomic (4F's) & somatic (voluntary) |
| two parts of the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic (dynamic) & parasympathetic (relaxed) |
| two parts of CNS | brain & spinal cord |
| three parts of the brain | forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
| how is the CNS protected? | surrounded by cerebral spinal fluid made by ventricles, meninges, blood-brain barrier |
| how does the brain get its nutrients from the bloodstream? | glial cells |
| what is the spinal cord responsible for? | mediates brain & PNS, reflexes |
| list 3 parts of brain from oldest to newest | hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain |
| 2 parts of hindbrain/brain stem | myelencephalon, metencephalon |
| 2 parts of myelencephalon | medulla (attached to spinal cord) reticular formation (arousal, circadian rhythm, heartbeat, blood circulation, respiration) |
| 3 parts of metencephalon | pons (sensory info, respiration) cerebellum (fine motor control, coordination, balance) |
| 2 parts of midbrain/mesencephalon | tegementum (reticular activating system..arousal & sleep-waking, movement) tectum (superior colliculus/unconscious vision, inferior colliculus/unconscious hearing, orientation) |
| what is the mesencephalon responsible for? | motor & metabolic processes |
| what are 3 neurological imaging measures? | post-mortem activation CT scans (X-ray) MRI (H2O molecules resonate, clearer) |
| what are 4 electrical measures? | single cell recording EEG (ERP event related potentials) MEF TMS (stimulate & give lesion) |
| compare two types of neurological imaging | structural imaging allows you to see density of brain & functional imaging allows you to see brain activity |
| 3 types of functional imaging/blood flow measures | PET (radioisotopes in blood) fMRI (oxygen molecules examined) NIRS (refraction patterns on scalp) |
| why is looking at brain damage not very informative? | usually more than one part is affected |
| 2 parts of forebrain | diencephalon & telencephalon |
| 2 parts of diencephalon | thalamus (relay center, receive/integrate sensory info) hypothalamus (control center, homeostasis, pleasure center) |
| 4 parts of telencephalon | basal ganglia (striatum, large conscious muscle movement, motor learning) hippocampus (temporary memory creation & integration, conscious learning) amygdala (emotional processes, sense of smell tying experiences together, fear) cerebral cortex |
| 3 parts of limbic system | hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia |
| phrenology | -study of the mind -bumps & depressions on skull represent different functions |
| 4 lobes of the cortex | occipital (visual) parietal (spatial & sensory) temporal (auditory & memory) frontal (thought & action) |
| how many lobes do you have total? | 8 (4 in each hemisphere) |
| Phineas Gage | damaged frontal lobe led to different emotions & behavior |
| somatosensory cortex (front of parietal lobe) | parts dedicated with respect to how sensitive they are |
| primary motor cortex (back of frontal lobe) | parts dedicated with respect to how much you need to control it |
| mirror neurons (near motor/sensory homunculi) | -active when watching others do things/you do things -origin of empathy |
| example of mirror neurons in action | TV, sports (stimulating own experiences) |
| example of how primary motor cortex is associated with paralysis | strokes, phantom limbs |
| 2 types of language areas | Broca's (language production) Wernicke's (language comprehension) |
| Broca's aphasia | can't speak well, little syntax, can't write, CAN understand, laborious speaking |
| Wernicke's aphasia | trouble understanding others & themselves, talk a lot |
| lateralization of hemispheres | contralateral except for sense of smell |
| what is the left hemisphere better at (3) | right of body, language, analytic thinking |
| what is the right hemisphere better at (2) | spatial processing holistic processing |
| how do hemispheres exchange information | commisures -> corpus callosum |
| how does contralateralization work with the visual field? | project to opposite hemispheres & respective side of the eye |
| what happens during the resting period of neural firing? | K ions flow in and out |
| order of stages of neural firing | depolarization until max potential is reached repolarization hyperpolarization |
| salitory conduction | speed flow of info down axon by jumping from node to node |
| acetylcholine | -inhibitory & excitatory -involuntary motor control -activates muscles |
| lack of acetylcholine | Alzheimer's |
| dopamine | -inhibitory & excitatory -regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, emotions |
| lack of dopamine | Parkinson's |
| abundance of dopamine | schizophrenia |
| norepinephrine | -excitatory -mood & arousal |
| serotonin | -inhibitory -regulation of sleep, eating, aggression |
| L-dopa & MPTP | agonist & antagonist for dopamine |
| amphetamine | -agonist -stimulates release of norepinephrine & dopamine |
| propranalol | -antagonist -blocks norepinephrine |
| pituitary gland | hormone-producing system |
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Tiffanyy
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