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Biomed II Test 1
Blood, Hemostasis, Heart, Circulatory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plasma % | 55% |
| red blood cells % | 45% |
| serum is what | plasma that has been deleted of all coagulation proteins |
| what is in the buffy coat? | white blood cells and platelets |
| platelets amount | 150,000 - 400,000 |
| white blood cells amount | 5,000-10,000 |
| what is plasma | aqueous solution of proteins and other solutes |
| what is albumins? | most abundant in plasma, produced by the liver, transport hormones and fatty acids that are not water soluble |
| what is globulins? | produced by liver and plasma cells, mostly antibodies and some fat soluble vitamins |
| what is fibrinogen? | produced by liver, precursor protein for fibrin clot |
| blood cell formation occurs in... | red bone marrow |
| what is hematopoiesis? | blood cell formation |
| myeloid lineage | develop in bone marrow |
| lymphoid lineage | finish development in the lymphatic tissues |
| erythropoietin EPO | made in kidney, stimulates red bone marrow stem cells to produce red blood cells (RBC) precurosors |
| thrombopoietin TPO | made in liver, stimulates platelet production from megakaryocytes |
| granulocyte Macrophage Colony stimulating Factor | stimulates white blood cell (WBC) production, given to replace WBC killed by chemotherapy |
| what do you need for erythropoiesis? | iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid, intrinsic factor |
| what is intrinsic factor? | a protein produced by intestinal cells that binds vitamin B12 and allows it to be absorbed |
| what is heme converted to in destruction? | iron which is recyled |
| what is the porphyrin rings or heme converted to in destruction? | biliverdin--> bilirubin |
| biliverdin color | green |
| bilirubin color | brown |
| what are glob in protein chains converted to in destruction | amin acids |
| what is iron deficiency anemia | lack of iron through deficiency in diet or from excessive bleeding microcidic |
| what is megaloblastic anemia? | lack of vitamin B12 or folic acid absorption macrocidic |
| what is pernicious anemia caused by? | caused by lack of intrinsic factor |
| what is aplastic anemia? | caused by destruction of bone marrow by toxins, radiation or chemotherapy |
| what is hemolytic anemia? | caused by rupture of RBC as in incompatible blood transfusion |
| what is the universal recipient blood type? | AB blood no antibodies in plasma |
| what is the universal do not blood type? | O blood no antigens on their cells |
| for acute infection what is up? | neutrophils |
| for parasites what is up? | eosinophils |
| for allergies what is up? | basophils |
| neutrophils are up in count if | bacterials infection |
| lymphocytes are up in count if | viral infection |
| monocytes are up if | fungal infection or viral infection |
| eosinophils are up if | parasite or allergic reation |
| basophils are up if | allergic reaction or hypothyroid |
| what never return to the blood | granulocytes and macrophages |
| what is constantly circulating between blood, ISF and lymphatic system? | lymphocytes |
| what are the two types of immunities? | innate or generic adaptive or specific |
| what are natural killer cells | innate attack any cells with foreign surface antigens and secrete chemical enzymes to kill them |
| what are neutrophils and macrophages | innate ingest and kill invading pathogens |
| what is cell mediate immunity? | adaptive or specific T cells recognize foreign antigens and multiply to kill them also help activate B cells to make antibodies |
| what is antibody mediated or humoral immunity? | B cells recognize antigens and create plasma cell clones as antibody factories |
| what cell is responsible for the formation of platelets? | megakaryocytes |
| what is thrombopoiesis? | formation of platelets |
| type O blood can receive from | O, A, B, AB |
| type A blood can receive from | A or AB |
| type B blood can receive from | B or AB |
| type AB blood can receive from | AB |
| Do not give what to an Rh- person? | Rh+ blood |
| extracellular fluid is composed of | interstitial fluid and blood |
| fibrinogen is converted to what to do what? | fibrinogen--> fibrin--> clot |
| what is hematocrit? | packed cell percentage after centrifugation of whole blood |
| myloid stem cells give rise to what | RBC, granulat leukoctes, monocytes and platelets |
| hemoglobin composed of | 4 heme groups and 4 protein chains |
| B lymphocytes do what? | give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies humoral immunity |
| what do T lymphocytes do? | attack and oil foreign cells or cancer cells cellular immunity |
| what is hemostasis? | prevention of blood loss |
| what are the four steps in hemostasis? | vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation, fibrinolysis |
| what happens in step 1 of hemostasis? | vascular spasm puts pressure on wound to stop blood flow and vasoconstriction continued by factors released by activated platelets |
| what happens in step 2 of hemostasis? | von Willebeand factor on surface of platelets binds to exposed collagen, binding of platelets causes degranulation and release of seratonin, ADP and thromboxane A2 |
| what does seratonin cause in hemostasis? | causes more vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
| what does ADP cause in hemostasis? | causes platelets to be more "sticky" |
| what does thromboxane cause in hemostasis? | induces more degranulation from recruited platelets |
| what happens in step 3 of hemostasis? | soluble fibrinogen protein circulating in blood is cut into fibrin, gel like aggregation of threads and RBC and WBC get stuck in the mesh |
| what cuts fibrin tabs fibrinopeptides A and B? | thrombin |
| what happens in step 4 of hemostasis? | activated plasmin enzyme chews up fibrin chains to dissolve clot |
| what are the three pathways that cause clotting? | extrinsic pathway, intrinsic pathway, common pathway |
| what is extrinsic pathway | activated by tissue factor or factor 3 tissue trauma from outside |
| what is intrinsic pathway | clotting in an unbroken vessel, thrombus breaks loose it can cause an embolus which can lodge in artery and cause blockage activated by Factor 12→ Factor 8 &9 |
| what factors are involved with hemophilia? | factor 8 and factor 9 |
| what is the common pathway | extrinsic and intrinsic pathways start with different factors but merge into one shared factor pathway Factor 10 |
| what factors are not proteases? | factor 3 or tissue factor factor 8 - binding factors |
| coagulation happens on a platform of what? formed by what? | phospholipids formed from membranes of platelets and damaged cells |
| what is calcium required for? | factor binding to the lipids |
| what is vitamin K required for? | synthesis of several coagulation factors |
| what does aspirin do? | inhibits vasoconstriction and thromboaxane A2 inhibits platelet plug formation |
| what does Heparin do? | short acting, inhibits antihrombin III (which inhibits coagulation) given subcutaneously to inhibit clotting |
| what does Warfarin or Coumadin do? | vitamin K antagonist, inhibits clotting factor synthesis tones down overall clotting ability, long acting |
| what does EDTA (ethylene diamine tetracetate) do? | binds and sequesters Ca2+, used in blood collection tubes to prevent clotting of samples |
| what does tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) do? | clot busting drug given emergently for stroke and heart attack |
| what factor is deficient in hemophilia A? | factor 8 |
| what factor is deficient in hemophilia B? | factor 9 |
| what causes vitamin K deficiency? | antibiotic induced due to loss of gut flora which make vitamin K |
| what is thrombocytopenia? | low platelet count |
| what happens in Von Willebrand's Disease? | genetic loss of VWF, deficiency to platelet plug |
| what is hemophilia A? | X linked disease caused by factor 8 deficiency called the "royal's disease", prolonged bleeding treated with regular factor 8 infusion |
| what is prothrombin time (PT) test? | measures extrinsic and common pathway used to gauge coumadin dosage, liver damage and vitamin K deficiency |
| what is parial thromboplastin time (PTT) test? | measures intrinsic and common pathway detects clotting deficiencies in hemophilia and monitors heparin effectiveness |
| what is bleeding time test? | take an arm and cut with a scalpel, watch to see how long bleeding takes to stop measurement of vasoconstriction and platelet formation |
| where does all systemic arteries branch from? | aorta |
| where do all systemic veins drain into? | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava or coronary sinus |
| arteries... | carry blood away from the heart larger to smaller |
| veins... | carry blood towards the heart smaller to larger |
| pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries carry.. | deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to alveoli of the lungs |
| pulmonary veins carry | oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart |
| what are the 4 major divisions of the aorta? | ascending aorta, arch of aorta, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta |
| where does the ascending aorta go? | coronary arteries, (right and left) to supply blood to heart muscles |
| what are the branches of the arch of aorta? (3) | brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian |
| brachiocephalic trunk divides into.. | right common carotid, right subclavian artery |
| what does the internal carotid artery supply? | brain |
| what does the external carotid artery supply? | face, neck, and deep spaces of head |
| what does the subclavian artery supply? | brain turns into axillary artery in arm pit, brachial artery in arm and radial and ulnar artery in forearm |
| what does the thoracic aorta supply? | bronchial, esophageal, phrenic, and posterior intercostal |
| what are the visceral branches of the abdominal aorta? | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery lumbar artery |
| what does the celiac artery supply? | stomach, liver, pancreas and spleen |
| what does the superior mesenteric artery supply? | small intestine and right half of colon |
| what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply? | left half of colon and rectal area |
| what do the renal arteries supply? | supplies the kidneys |
| how does the abdominal aorta end? | dividing into the right and left common iliac arteries |
| what does the iliac arteries divide into | internal iliac and external iliac |
| what does the internal iliac supply blood to? | walls and viscera of the pelvis |
| what does the external iliac supply blood to? | becomes femoral artery and supplies thigh and leg |
| all systemic venous blood drains into... | right atrium |
| all venous blood drains into... | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus |
| superior vena cava drains blood from | head, neck, thoracic wall and upper limbs |
| inferior vena cava drains blood from | abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs |
| coronary sinus drains blood from | heart muscle back to the right atrium |
| azygous vein... | drains thoracic wall into superior vena cava |
| hepatic portal system does what? | drains venous blood from GI tract to liver on its way to the heart liver-->hepatic veins--> inferior vena cava |
| systemic circulation summary | left side heart to body and back to heart |
| hepatic portal circulation summary | capillaries of GI tract to capillaries in liver |
| pulmonary circulation summary | right side heart to lungs and back to heart |
| blood that supplies the posterior part of the brain comes from | vertebral artery from subclavian artery |
| blood that supplies the anterior part of the brain comes from | internal carotid artery from common carotid artery |
| inferior alveolar artery supplies blood to... | all of the lower teeth |
| posterior superior alveolar artery supplies blood to... | maxillary molar teeth |
| infraorbital artery divides into... | middle superior alveolar artery anterior superior alveolar arteries |
| what does middle superior alveolar artery supply blood to | premolars |
| what does anterior superior alveolar arteries supply blood to | canine/incisors |
| where is the heart located? | mediastinum |
| what is the fibrous pericardium? | protects and anchors the heart, prevents overstretching |
| what are the two layers of serous pericardium? | visceral layer and parietal layer |
| what is the parietal layer | lines inside of pericardium |
| what is the visceral layer | epicardium covers outside of heart |
| right atrium receives blood from... | superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus |
| what is fossa ovalis | remnant of the fetal foramen ovale which allowed blood to bypass heart before birth, located in right atrium |
| chordae tendineae attach what? | atrioventricular valves cusps to papillary muscles of ventricular walls |
| tricuspid valve located in | right atrium |
| bicuspid valve located in the | left atrium |
| which ventricle wall is thicker? | left ventricle wall much thicker than right ventricle |
| at rest what are the AV and semi lunar valves doing in the heart? | AV valves are open semilunar valves are closed |
| during contraction what are the AV and semi lunar valves doing in the heart? | semilunar valves are open, AV valves are closed |
| blood flow through the heart | right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body |
| left coronary artery branches | circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery |
| what does the circumflex artery supply? | left atrium and left ventricle |
| what does anterior inter ventricular artery supply? | both ventricles |
| what does right coronary artery supply? | mainly supplies right ventricle |
| what does posterior inter ventricular artery supply? | posterior side of both ventricles |
| what are the main branches of the coronary veins | great cardiac and middle cardia drains into a large sinus on posterior surface of heart called coronary sinus |
| excitation of the heart | sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of HIS, right and left bundle branches, conduction myofibers or purkinje fibers |
| Trace blood flow from the heart to maxillary molars on the right side | 1. Arch of the aorta 2. Brachiocephalic Trunk 3. Common carotid artery 4. External carotid artery 5. Maxillary artery 6. Posterior Superior Alveolar artery |
| Trace blood flow from the heart to the small intestine | 1. Arch of the aorta 2. Thoracic aorta 3. Abdominal artery 4. Superior mesenteric artery |
| Trace blood flow from the heart to the thumb on the left side | 1. Arch of the aorta 2. Left subclavian 3. Axial artery 4. Left Bracial artery 5. Left Radial artery |
| what are venules? | merge to form veins that bring blood back to the heart |
| the laters of arteries | tunica interna tunica media tunica externa |
| what is tunica interna for arteries made of | simple squamous epithelium known as endothelium |
| what is the tunica media for arteries made of | circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers |
| what is the tunica externe for arteries made of? | elastic and collagen fibers |
| vascular smooth muscle is innervated by... | sympathetic nervous system NOT PARASYMPATHETIC |
| increase in sympathetic stimulation causes... | muscle contraction or vasoconstriction decreases lumen size |
| decrease in sympathetic stimulation causes... | vasodilation which increases the diameter of vessels |
| elastic arteries are... | largest in dimeter recoil helps propel blood onward between heart beats |
| what are examples of elastic arteries | aorta, brachicephalic trunk, common carotid |
| what are muscular arteries | medium and small arteries, have more smooth muscle than elastic fibers in tunica media capable of more vasoconstriction and dilation |
| what are examples of muscular arteries? | brachial artery, radial arter |
| what are arterioles | smallest arteries that deliver blood to capillaries |
| what are pre capillary sphincters? | open and close in response to tissue metabolism to control blood flow into the capillary beds |
| what is vasomotion | contraction and relaxation of pre capillary sphincters which closes and opens capillary beds |
| what are capillaries | microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules |
| what are continuous capillaries | interrupted only be intercellular clefts which are gaps between neighboring cells |
| what are fenestrated capillaries | plasma membranes with many holes, found in kidney, small intestine and endocrine glands |
| what are sinusoid capillaries? | very large windows, incomplete basement membrane and found in liver or spleen |
| how veins differ from arteries | tunica interna is thinner tunica media is much thinner tunica externa is thicker contain valves, have less smooth muscle |
Created by:
Chobchi
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