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Chapter 1 and 2
Exam 1 cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theory | a set of logically related concepts or statements, which seeks to describe and explain develoment and to predict what kinds of behavior might occur under certain conditions. |
| Why is theory important? | organize data, the information gathered by research, and is a source of hypothesis. (dynamic) |
| Give and example of theory? | Mead's challenging the inevitability of adolescent rebellion. |
| Hypothesis: | tentative explanations or predictions that can be tested by further research. |
| Why is hypothesis important? | predict outcome |
| Give an example of hypothesis: | lab experiments |
| Quantitative Change: | a change in number or amount, such as growth or loss in height or weight, gains in vocabulary, or an increase or decrease in frequency of aggressive behavior or social interaction. |
| Qualitative Change: | change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication. |
| Individual Differences: | differences in characteristics, influences, or developmental outcomes. Change in height, weight, and body build; constitutional factors such as health and energy level; intelligence; and in personality characteristics and emotional reactions. |
| Piaget: major principles and contributions and critcisms? | -viewed cognitive development as the product of children's efforts to understand and act on their world. - clinical method combined observation with flexible questioning.- comprehensive theory of cognitive development; it begins w/an inborn ability to ad |
| Give and example of Piaget: | A person moves out of sight of and infant and the infant believes the person has disapeared. |
| What is a critcism of Piaget's method? | -underestimated the abilities of infants and young children. -cognitive development is more gradual and continuous.-his focus on formal logic as the climax of cognitive development is too narrow, doesn't account for mature abilities as practical problem |
| What is human development, and how has its study evolved? | - human development is the scientific study of processes of change nad stability.- the scientific study of human development began with studies of childhood during the 19 century.- as researchers became interested in following development through adulthoo |
| What are the four goals of scientific study of human development, what disciplines does it draw upon, nad how are research methods changing? | - the study of human development seeks to describe, explain predict, and modify development.- students of human development draw upon such disciplines as psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, biology, genetics, family science, education, histor |
| Learning results from? | maturation, ability, and experience |
| Reinforcement: | - in operant conditioning, a process that strengthens and encourages repetition of a desired behavior. |
| Punishment: | in operant conditioning, a process that weakens and discourages repetition of a behavior. |
| Operate conditioning: | learning based on association of behavior with its consequences. |
| Maturation: | unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes, including readiness to master new abilities. |
| Critical Period: | specific time when a given event or its absence has the greatest impact on development. |
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dkokolog
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