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A&P 1 Ch 2 Chemistry
Help me with Chemistry of A&P!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Potential energy | stored in an object because of its position or internal state (water behind a dam) |
| Kinetic energy | energy of motion; active (water turning a turbine) |
| Free energy | energy available in a system to do work |
| Chemical reactions? | Decomposition, synthesis, exchange, reversible |
| Decomposition reaction | AB-->A+B Starch-->Glucose+Glucose |
| Synthesis reaction | A+B-->AB Protein synthesis |
| Exchange reaction | AB+CD-->AC+BD Chemical energy-->Chemical bonds |
| Reversible reaction | can go in either direction under different circumstances |
| What are enzymes? | biological catalysts |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions of the body |
| Catabolism | DECOMPOSITION reaction; exergonic |
| Exergonic | releases energy |
| Energy | the capacity to cause change or do work |
| Anabolism | SYNTHESIS reaction; endergonic |
| Endergonic | energy storing |
| What does "Leo the lion says GR" mean? | Losing electrons: oxidation Gaining electrons: reduction |
| Oxidation | chemical reactions in which a molecule gives up electrons (e- donor) |
| Reduction | Chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons (e- acceptor) |
| Organic chemistry | study of compounds containing carbon |
| Hydroxyl group (polar) occurs in... | sugars, alcohols |
| Methyl group (nonpolar) occurs in... | fats, oils, steroids, amino acids |
| Carboxyl group (polar) occurs in... | amino acids, sugars, proteins |
| Amino group (polar) occurs in... | amino acids, proteins |
| Phosphate group (polar) occurs in... | nucleic acids, ATP |
| Polymerization | covalent bonding of monomers to form a polymer |
| Polymer formation occurs by | dehydration synthesis (condensation) |
| Dehydration synthesis produces what? | Water (by-product) |
| Hydrolysis | water molecule ionized into -OH and -H; breaks covalent bonds that links 2 monomers; OH added to one monomer, H added to the other |
| What are the four categories of organic molecules? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates are composed... | polar, hydrophilic, made of C, H, and O; ratio of 1:2:1 (C1 H2 O1) |
| Monosaccharides | Glucose, galactose, fructose |
| Isomer | same chemical make up, different composition (e.g. glucose, galactose, fructose: C6 H12 O6) |
| Disaccharide | sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharides |
| oligosaccharides | short chains of 3 or more of monosaccharides (at least 10) |
| Polysaccharides | long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50) |
| Examples of polysaccharides | starch, cellulose (cannot digest in stomach, converts to gas in the small intestine) |
| glycogen | energy storage in animals; made by liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vaginal cells |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| Lipids | Five primary types: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids; hydrophobic |
| Saturated fatty acids | No double bonds (max H) |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | contains C=C bonds without hydrogen; double bond causes a bend in the chain |
| trans-fatty acids | most unhealthy; man made |
| cis-fatty acids | in nature; make a "V" shape |
| amphiphilic | both hydrophobic and hydrophilic (tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophilic) |
| Cholesterol | parent steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized; 15% from diet, 85% internally synthesized |
| HDL (high-density lipoprotein) | "good" cholesterol; lower ratio of lipid to protein |
| LDL (low-density lipoprotein) | "bad" cholesterol; high ratio of lipid to protein |
| protein | a polymer of amino acids |
| polymer | compound with repeating small molecules |
| conformation | unique, 3-D shape of proteins |
| Denaturation | extreme conformational change that destroys shape & function |
| alpha helix | springlike shape |
| beta helix | pleated, ribbonlike shape |
| tertiary structure | further bending and folding of proteins into globular and fibrous shapes |
| quaternary structure | associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains |
| How are enzymes named? | after substrate with -ase as the suffix (e.g. amylase) |
| More activation energy is required when | there is no catalyst |
| Less activation energy is require when | there is a catalyst present |
| Substrate specificity is like a | lock and key (find in micro notes) |
| Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) | donates phosphate group to other molecules; another nucleotide involved in energy transfer |
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | nucleotide formed by removal of both second and third phosphate groups from ATP; "second messenger system" activates metabolic effects inside the cell |
| DNA | 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides long; instructions for synthesizing all of the body's proteins |
| RNA | 70 to 10,000 nucleotides long; synthesizes proteins |
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