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Psych.100 chapter 2
the biology of behavior
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biological psychology | the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes. |
| neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |
| dendrites | a neurons bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
| axon | the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or muscles or glands. |
| myelin sheath | a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next. |
| glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking. |
| action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
| threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. |
| synapes | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. |
| Gap between dendrite and neuron | synaptic gap |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. |
| acetylcholine | best understood neurotransmitter which plays a role in learning and memory. |
| endorphins | natural opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure |
| nervous system | the bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems |
| central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
| nerves | bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs |
| sensory(afferent) neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord |
| motor(efferent) neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
| interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
| Plato | believed that the mind was placed in the brain |
| Aristotle | Platos student who believed that the mind was located in the heart. |
| glia | play essential role in our body. |
| placisity | new neurons grow even in adulthood and old neurons adjust to new information |
| serotonin pathways | involved with mood regulation |
| reuptake | recycling neurotransmitters--after NTs. stimulate the receptors on receiving neuron, the chemicals are taken back up into the sending neuron to be reused. |
| somatic nervous system | enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous systems | controls our glands and muscles of our internal organs, influencing functions such as heartbeat, glandular activity and digestions |
| sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) | arouses and expends energy. (accelerate heartbeat raise blood pressure, and slow digestions) |
| parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest) | calms body and slows heartbeat and lower blood sugar and so forth. |
| endocrine system | the chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |
| adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones(epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in the time of stress |
| pituitary glands | the endocrine systems most influential gland. regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
| brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, is responsible for automatic survival functions |
| medulla | the base of the brains stem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
| thalamus | the brains sensory router located on top of the brainstem it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
| reticular formation | a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and plays an important role in controlling arousal. |
| limbic system | the neural system sits between the brains older parts and its cerebral hemispheres. this systems hypothalmus controls the pituitary gland |
| carebellum | processes sensory input, cordinates movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory |
| amygdala | two lima bean sized neiral clusters in the limbic system linked to emotion |
| hypothalamus | keeps the body internal environment in a steady state. link emotions and rewards |
| multiplescolorisis | disease due to thinning of the myelin sheath |
| motor cortex | sends messages |
| sensory cortex | receives messages |
| parital lobe | math and spacial reasoning |
| plasticity | ability to modify for a piece of the body that gets injured. especially strong for deaf and blind people |
| Left brain | controls language |
| right brain | controls hearing- clarifying speech and self awareness |
| reticular formation | allows to wake up - located between ears |
| cerebellum | "little brain" controls learning and emotion |
| limbic system | below cerebral hemisphere |
| amygdala | linked to emotion |
| hippocampus | conscious memories |
| hypthalamus | bodily maintenence |
| cerebral cortex | most recently evolved part of brain makes 85% of brains mass,thin layer of interconnected neural cells, stretched out like pizza |
| frontal lobe | behind forehead - speech and muscle movement |
| parietal | top of head - receive touch and body |
| occipital | back of head - visual |
| temporal | side of head - auditory |
| hypnosis | can work, beneficial to health, works for open minded and people who have a good imagination |
| consciousness | awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| conscious "high" track | mind takes deliberate action |
| conscious "low" track | perform automatic actions - often with out being aware |
| selective inattention | miss something because your attention away focused on something else |
| selective attention | focusing on what we notice |
| cocktail party affect | being able to focus on one conversation while other conversations are going on around you. |
| change blindness | if attention is diverted else where "change" or "Switch" in detail is unnoticed - often miss large change in our environment |
| circadian rhythm | bodies natural 24 hr cycle roughly match to the day/night cycle of light and dark |
| circadian rhythm affects | hard to shift(jet lag) can also be affected by light, which suppresses the relaxing hormone melatonin |
| benefits of sleeep | restores and repairs our brain, strenghthens memories, and facilitates creative problem solving |
| what hormone is active while we sleep | growth hormone |
| psychoactive drug | chemical substance altering perceptions and moods |
| tolerance | with repeat usage, can achieve desired effects requiring larger doses |
| addiction | compulsive drug crave and usage despite bad effects |
| withdrawel | discomfort/distress that follows discontinueing usage of an addictive drug |
| physical dependance | physiological need for a drug |
| depressant | drugs that reduce neural activity and slows down body functions |
| alcohol dependence | alcoholism |
| opiates | opium and its derivaties; suppresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety |
| amphetamine | super addictive drug that stimulates central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes |
| ectasy(MDMA) | synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, produces euphoric and social intimacy |
| LSD | powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid |
| Marijuana | takes 7 seconds for this drug to get to the brain |
Created by:
hunny518
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