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Chem111 test 1 prep
Practice for Chem111 test 1 DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic chemistry is the study of __ __ compounds. | carbon containing |
| Who is the father of organic chemistry; the first person to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic starting materials? | Frederick Wohler |
| The number of carbon containing compounds is almost __. | limitless |
| A "C" with a single dot on all 4 sides is the Lewis structure for ? | carbon |
| The Lewis structure for __ can be written as a "C" with a line on all 4 sides, 2 lines in front and behind it, with 3 lines in front and one behind it, or even with 2 lines in front and 2 lines at angles behind it. | carbon |
| Carbon can form __ bonds with other carbon atoms. | stable |
| Forms of an element that have the same physical state but different properties are called __. | allotropes |
| Carbon atoms form stable bonds with other __, such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogen. | elements |
| Carbon can form __ and __ bonds with other carbon atoms to produce molecules with very different properties. | double and triple |
| The number of ways that carbon and other atoms can be arranged is nearly __. | limitless |
| Carbon atoms form stable bonds with other elements. Name 4 of those elements. | hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogen. |
| 2 organic compounds with the same number of kinds of atoms are called __. | isomers |
| Since different isomers have the same number and kinds of atoms, they will all tend to have the same molecular __. | formula |
| Despite having the same number and kinds of atoms, isomers will have different structures and therefore different __. | properties |
| The bonds between carbon and other atoms are almost always __ bonds. | covalent |
| Covalent bonds involve the sharing of __. | electrons |
| The bonds in many inorganic compounds use __ bonds. | ionic |
| Covalent compounds exist as individual units called __. | molecules |
| It must be covalently bonded to call it a __. | molecule |
| Water is a __. | molecule |
| Most covalent compounds are __, or nonconductive. | nonelectrolytes |
| Ionic substances usually have much higher __ and __ points than covalent substances. | melting and boiling |
| Organic compounds which are usually nonpolar or only slightly polar are less __ (or __) in water. | soluble, or insoluble |
| A __ molecule only contains carbon and hydrogen. | hydrocarbon |
| Examples of hydrocarbons include __ and __ and non-ethynol __ are examples. | propane and butane and non-ethynol gas |
| A substitute for hydrocarbon is one in which one or more __ atoms have been replaced by another atom or group of atoms. | hydrogen |
| Organic compounds which are usually __ or only slightly __ are less soluble, (or insoluble) in water. | nonpolar, or only slightly polar |
| What are the 2 types of hydrocarbons? | 1. aliphatic 2. aromatic |
| A substitute for hydrocarbon is one in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by another __ or group of __. | atom or group of atoms |
| What are the 4 families of of aliphatic hydrocarbons called? | 1. alkanes 2. cycloalkanes 3. alkenes 4. alkynes |
| What kind of hydrocarbons contain only carbon to carbon single bonds, such as alkanes and cycloalkanes? | saturated hydrocarbons |
| What kind of hydrocarbons contain at least one carbon to carbon double or triple bond, such as alkenes and alkynes? | unsaturated hydrocarbons |
| What kind of hydrocarbons contains a benzene rind OR a derivative of a benzene ring? | Aromatic hydrocarbons |
| What do you call an atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way that is primarily responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which it is found? | Functional group |
| The __ of organic and biological molecules is usually controlled by the functional group. | chemistry |
| What do you call saturated hydrocarbons with single carbon bonds? | alkanes |
| General formula for alkanes is ? | CnH2n+2 |
| We're usually concerned with the __ formula with organic chemistry. | molecular |
| The molecular formula tells the __ and __ of each kind (symbol) of atom and number (subscript) or each type of atom in the molecule. | kind and number |
| The chemical symbol for methane is ? | CH4 |
| The chemical symbol for ethane is ? | C2H6 |
| The molecular formula tells the kind and number of each kind (represented by a __) of atom and number (represented by a __) of each type of atom in the molecule. | kind represented by a symbol, number represented by a subscript |
| The chemical symbol for propane is ? | C3H8 |
| The chemical symbol for butane is ? | C4H10 |
| A structural formula shows each __ and __ in a molecule. | atom and bond |
| In a structural formula, carbons tend to be where in the formula? | the center |
| Butane and methylpropane have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. They are __. | isomers |
| What kind of formula shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order that indicates which atoms are bonded to which? | condensed formula |
| Which kind of formula assumes a carbon at the end of a line and any location where 2 or more lines intersect, and assumes that each carbon is bonded to the correct number of hydrogen atoms? | line formula (sometimes called a spacial formula) |
| Carbon atoms share __ electron pairs and each hydrogen shares __ pair of electrons. | carbons share 4 electron pairs, hydrogen shares one pair of electrons |
| All __ are nonpolar molecules. | hydrocarbons |
| Since all hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules, there is no difference in __. | electronegativity |
| Hydrocarbons are soluble in __ organic solvents but not in water. | nonpolar |
| Hydrocarbons have relatively __ melting and boiling point and are generally less dense than water. | low |
| In general, the __ the hydrocarbon chain, or the greater the molecular weight, the higher the melting and boiling points and the greater the density. | longer |
| As we add atoms to the chain, we also add to the __ and to boiling and (usually) melting points. | mass |
| What kind of group results when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane? | Alkyl group |
| Hydrocarbons have relatively low melting and boiling point and are generally less dense than __. | water |
| In general, the longer the hydrocarbon chain, or the greater the molecular weight, the __ the melting and boiling points and the greater the density. | higher |
| Alkane names end in __. | ane |
| For alkyls, the -ane ending in the alkane name is replaced with a __. | yl |
| A primary carbon is what degree? | 1 |
| A secondary carbon is what degree? | 2 |
| A primary carbon is directly bonded to ? | one other carbon |
| A secondary carbon is bonded to __ other carbons. | 2 |
| A tertiary carbon is bonded to __ other carbons. | 3 |
| A quanternary carbon is bonded to __ other carbons and is __ degrees. | 4, 4 |
| Molecules having the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms are called __ or __ isomers. | constitutional or structural |
| Because of their structural differences, structural isomers have different __ and __ properties. | physical and chemical |
| A family having single carbon-to-carbon bonds in a ring structure are called __. | cycloalkanes |
| What is the general formula for cycloalkanes? | CnH2n (n=number) |
| Can you have a ring structure with less than 3 carbons? | no (hence the 'n' in CnH2n must be at least a 3) |
| Atoms of an alkane can rotate freely around the carbon-carbon single bond resulting in an unlimited number of __. | arrangements |
| cis- isomers have branches on the (same or opposite?) side of the molecule structure. | same |
| trans- isomers have branches on the (same or opposite?) side of the molecule structure. | opposite |
| What are two other names for cis-trans isomers? | 1. geometric isomers 2. stereoisomers |
| Cis-trans isomers are different from one another in the arrangement of __ in space. | substituents |
| Why can every alkane exist in an unlimited number of forms? | Their carbon-carbon single bonds can rotate freely, unlike molecules that form a ring. |
| What do we call the different arrangements of alkanes? | conformations or conforms. |
| Conforms (also called conformations) introconvert rapidly and cannot be __ from one another. | separated |
| Just like alkanes, cycloalkanes can exist in different conformations. One cannot. What is the exception? | cyclopropane |
| Name 2 conformations that 6-member cycloalkanes can assume. | 1. boat 2. chair |
| Which of the two 6-member cycloalkane conformations is the most the most favorable energy-wise? | chair conformation |
| Why is the chair conformation more favorable energy-wise than the boat conformation? | The hydrogen atoms are perfectly staggered. |
| The hydrogen atoms that lie above or below the cycloalkane ring are said to be __. | axial |
| The hydrogen atoms that lie roughly in the same plane as the cycloalkane ring are said to be __. | equatorial |
| What is the organic prefix for one carbon bond? | meth- |
| What is the organic prefix for two carbon bonds? | eth- |
| What is the organic prefix for 3 carbon bonds? | prop- |
| What is the organic prefix for 4 carbon bonds? | but- |
| What is the organic prefix for 5 carbon bonds? | pent- |
| What is the organic prefix for 6 carbon bonds? | hex- |
| What is the organic prefix for 7 carbon bonds? | hept- |
| What is the organic prefix for 8 carbon bonds? | oct- |
| What is the organic prefix for 9 carbon bonds? | non- |
| What is the organic prefix for 10 carbon bonds? | dec- |
| Hydrocarbons with single bonds end in ? | -ane |
| Hydrocarbons with double bonds end in ? | -ene |
| Hydrocarbons with triple bonds end in ? | -yne |
| A substition reaction of alkanes and cycloalkanes with a halogen (usually chlorine or bromine) that produces an alkyl halide or a haloalkane AND a hydrogen halide is called ? | halogenation |
| What does halogenation need to occur? | energy - heat or light |
| T or F: Alkanes are highly reactive molecules. | false |
| Alkyl halides are the starting materials for the synthesis of other __. | compounds |
| Alkyl halides having 2 or more halogen atoms are useful for creating what 4 things? | 1. solvents 2. refrigerants 3. insecticides 4. herbicides |
| The letter "R" in the general structure of an alkane may be either a __ atom or an __ group. | hydrogen atom or an alkyl group |
| The covalent prefix for 1 is what? | mono |
| The covalent prefix for 2 is what? | di |
| The covalent prefix for 3 is what? | tri |
| The covalent prefix for 4 is what? | tetra |
| Which comes first, second, and third when naming a structure: the number of the carbon the branch is bonded to, the name of the long chain, and the name of the branch? | 1. the number of the carbon the branch is bonded to 2. the name of the branch (with -yl on the end) 3. the name of the long chain. Example: 2-methyl hexane |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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