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Bio exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aristotle | Scalae Naturae = fixed state |
| Theology | Creationism - God created everything |
| Linnaeus | Taxonomy - nomenclature and binomial names |
| Buffon | Multiple creation sites & times |
| Hutton | Earth older than 6,000yrs |
| Malthus | Resources limits populations |
| Cuvier | Catastrophism |
| Lyell | Uniformitarianism |
| Anaxamander | Striving for Complexity |
| Lamarck | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics and Use and Disuse |
| Mendel | Genetics and Inheritance |
| Darwin | Natural Selection and Descent with Modification |
| Natural Selection | individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits |
| Descent with Modification | all organisms originated from a common ancestor in which the descendants lived in various habitats over millions of years, accumulated diverse modifications that fit them to a specific way of life |
| Artificial Selection | selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits |
| Scientific Method Process | Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, test, modification |
| inductive reasoning | ideas, opinions |
| deductive reasoning | experiments, test, evidence |
| Fossil record | geological stratification, radiometric dating, racemization, or magnetic reversal |
| geological stratification | studying the different layers (strata) of sediment that formed over time |
| radiometric dating | using the half-life of radioactive isotopes to find the absolute age of fossils (measuring the ratio of C12/C14 in the organism) |
| racemization | The process by which an L-amino acid changes into a mixture of the L- and D-forms |
| magnetic reversal | Changes in the earth's magnetic field from normal polarity to reversed polarity or vice versa |
| Analogous Structures or convergent | outward similar, inward difference (same function differ structure) |
| Homologous structures or divergent | outward different, inward similar (same structure differ function) |
| Vestigial structures | outwardly useless (pelvis/leg bones in snakes) |
| population | all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same geographical area at the same time |
| Species | a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. There can be multiple populations of one species but a population only consist of one species |
| gene pool | sum of all alleles in a population |
| gene frequency | the occurrence of an allele in a population in relation to other alleles of the same gene |
| Homozygote | An organism that carries two of the same variants of a gene |
| heterozygote | An organism that carries two different variants of a gene |
| alleles | A specific variation of a gene |
| Gene | A section of DNA that controls a certain trait |
| Principle of segregation | The principle of segregation says that in diploid organisms genes come in pairs and that when gametes get produced each gamete gets one gene at random from each gene pair but not both. |
| Principle of independent assortment | allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes |
| Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | alleles and genotype frequency in a population will remain constant over time |
| conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population, no gene flow (moving alleles in and out of a population) |
| gene flow | moving alleles in and out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals or their gametes |
| immigration | act of moving into a region |
| emigration | act of moving out of a region into a new one |
| genetic drift | chance event that causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next |
| Bottleneck Effect | when a population dramatically drops in size and alleles become absent, over or under rep'ed |
| Founder Effect | few individuals become isolated in a new region from larger population and establish a new one |
| Non-random mating | mating that is not random due to competition, predation, sex selection, altruism and symbiosis |
| Positive assortative mating | mates are phenotypically similar decreasing gene frequency |
| negative assortative mating | mates are phenotypically different decreasing gene frequency |
| competition | promotes evolution, organisms compete for limited resources, survival of the fittest |
| predation | prey need to survive to reproduce while predators need to prey on organisms to survive |
| sex selction | individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than others to obtain mates |
| symbiosis | interactions between species that help or harm their survival |
| stabilizing selection | favors intermediate variants, reduces variation like baby weight |
| directional selection | when conditions favor individuals with an extreme phenotypic range and is common in environmental changes or founder effect |
| disruptive selection | conditions favors both extremes of a range over intermediate individuals - changes in food |
| allopatric speciation | gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided geographically into subpopulations |
| sympatric speciation | speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographical area due to polypoidy (hybrids or tetraploid individuals), habitat differentiation (use different resources) or sexual selection (different preferences in mates) |
| parapatric speciation | speciation due to overlapping of geographical areas |
| prezygotic barriers | habitat, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, and gametic |
| Postzygotic barriers | hybrid viability, hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown |
| habitat isolation | two species occupy different habitats in the same area (land vs water) |
| temporal isolation | same species that breed during different times of the day, seasons or years |
| behavioral isolation | there are certain mating recognition behaviors between mates that are unique to that specie |
| mechanical isolation | morphological differences prevent successful mating |
| gametic isolation | sperm of one specie can't fertilize the egg of another |
| reduced hybrid viability | genes of different parent species may interact in ways that is harmful to offspring survival |
| reduced hybrid fertility | hybrids may be sterile |
| hybrid breakdown | F1 is fertile but F2 is sterile |
| gradualistic evolution | Change is slow, constant, and consistent over a very long period of time |
| punctuated evolution | There is a period of very little change, and then one or a few huge changes occur, often through mutations in the genes of a few individuals and species changes very rapidly over a few generations, then settles down again to a period of little change |
| mosaic evolution | different rates of different parts and functions of organisms |
| exaptations | shift in function of a trait |
| heterochrony | evolutionary change in rate of growth or timing of development |
| paedomorphosis | if reproductive organ development accelerates compared to other organs, they may still have features of juvenile structure at adult stage |
| pe-cambrian era | origin of Earth, increase in oxygen, prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms came about |
| Paleozoic era | sudden increase in animals, diversification of plants and fish and reptiles |
| Mesozoic era | dinosaurs came about and became extinct |
| Cenozoic era | most mammals, plants and humans came about |
| fossil strata | looking at layers of the earth but not as reliable due to upheavals by natural disasters |
| what are the different eras | pre-cambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, cenozoic |
| temperature cycling | ice ages (look for CO2 concentrations in snow) |
| shifting continents | causes new changes in environments and creates new habitats |
| Phylogenetic trees | e based on organizing a group of organisms with regard for the evolutionary history based on a set of shared characteristics |
| cladistic analysis | uses a point system to separate organisms based on the presence of characteristics (sort of in group versus out group) but not necessarily including evolutionary history |
| body organization complexity | protoplasmic - cellular - tissue - organs - systems |
| epithelium tissue | surface of structures, secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation |
| Connective tissue | connects tissues and supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs of the body |
| muscular tissue | elongated and classified and or compatible as either striated muscle cells or smooth muscle cells depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of organized, regularly repeated arrangements of myofibrillar contractile proteins called myofilaments |
| nervous tissue | specialized to react to stimuli and to conduct impulses to various organs in the body which bring about a response to the stimulus |
| embryonic or germ layers | ectoderm and endoderm (prokaryotes) and mesoderm (eukaryotes) |
| 11 systems to maintain body homeostasis | circulatory, reproductive, respiratory, nervous, integumentary, endocrine, skeletal, articular, muscular, excretory, digestive |
| ectoderm | epidermis of skin, lining of mouth/rectum, sense receptors, eyes, nervous system |
| mesoderm | notochord, skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, reproductive systems |
| endoderm | digestive tract, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid |
| Porifera | No true tissues and sessile adults |
| Cnidaria | Both medusan and polyp stages in a radial life style |
| Platyhelminthes | Flat worm with complete simple nervous and digestive systems |
| Nemertea | The first closed circulatory system and they have a proboscis |
| Mollusca | All of us have (can put) a foot and (on a) mantle |
| Annelida | Segmented body with a true coelom, earthworms and leeches |
| Nematoda | Round worms covered with a cuticle and some reeeealy like us |
| Arthropoda | Highly successful, “chewing” mouth parts, some fly |
| Echinodermata | Slow moving water living radial, kind of a throw back |
| Mammalia | Furry, live births, mammary glands, and feed young |
Created by:
tramstina02
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