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Heart A&P
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) | a term used to refer to distinct conditions caused by a similar sequence of pathologic events-a temporary or permanent blockage of a coronary artery |
| Adrenergic | having the characteristics of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
| Afterload | the pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood |
| Angina Pectoris | chest discomfort or other related symptoms of sudden onset that may occur because the increased oxygen demand of the heart temporarily exceeds the blood supply |
| Aortic Valve | SL valve on the left of the heart; separates the left ventricle from the aorta |
| Apex of the heart | lower portion of the heart that is formed by the tip of the left ventricle |
| Arteriosclerosis | a chronic disease of the arterial system characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls |
| Atherosclerosis | a form of arteriosclerosis in which the thickening and hardening of the vessel walls are caused by a buildup of fatty deposits in the inner lining of large and middle-sized muscular arteries |
| Atria | two upper chambers of the heart |
| Atrial kick | blood pushed into the ventricles because of atrial contraction |
| Atrioventricular valve | valve located between each atrium and ventricle |
| Atypical | uncharacteristic signs and symptoms perceived by some patients experiencing a medical condition |
| Base | posterior surface of heart |
| Blood pressure | force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries as the ventricles of the heart contract and relax |
| Cardio output | the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart; SV(HR) |
| Catecholamines | natural chemicals produced by the body that have sympathetic actions; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| Cholinergic | having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
| Chordae tendineae | thin strands of fibrous connective tissue that extend from the AV valves to the papillary muscles that prevent the AV valves from bulging back into the atria during ventricular systole |
| Chronotropy | a change in heart rate |
| Circumflex artery | division of the left coronary artery |
| Coronary sinus | outlet that drains five coronary veins into the right atrium |
| Diastole | phase of the cardiac cycle in which the atria and ventricles relax between contractions and blood enters these chambers |
| Dromotrophy | refers to the speed of conduction through the AV junction |
| Dysrhythmia | any disturbance or abnormality in a normal rhythmic pattern; any cardiac rhythm other than a sinus rhythm |
| Ejection fraction | the percentage of blood pumped out of the heart chamber with each contraction |
| Endocardium | innermost layer of the heart that lines the inside of the myocardium and covers the heart valves |
| Epicardium | also known as the visceral pericardium; the external layer of the heat wall that covers the heart muscle |
| Great vessels | large vessels that carry blood to and from the heart; superior and inferior vena cavae, pulmonary veins, aorta, and pulmonary trunk |
| Heart failure | a condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body |
| Hypercapnea | a condition in which there is an elevated concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood |
| Hypovolemia | inadequate tissue perfusion caused by inadequate vascular volume |
| Infarction | death of tissue because of and inadequate blood supply |
| Inotropy | refers to a change in myocardial contractility |
| Ischemia | decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ |
| Left anterior descending artery (LAD) | division of the left coronary artery |
| Mediastinum | middle area of the thoracic cavity |
| Mitochondria | the energy-producing parts of a cell |
| Myocardium | middle and thickest layer of the heart |
| Myofibril | slender striated strand of muscle tissue |
| Neurotransmitter | a chemical released from one nerve that crosses the synaptic cleft to reach a receptor |
| Pericardium | a double-walled sac that encloses the heart and helps protect it from trauma and infection |
| Peripheral resistance | resistance to the flow of blood determined by blood vessel diameter and the tone of the vascular musculature |
| Preload | force exerted by the blood on the walls of the ventricles at the end of diastole |
| Proximal | location nearer to the midline of the body or the point of attachment than something else is |
| Pulmonary circulation | flow of unoxygentated (venous) blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
| Sarcolemma | membrane that covers smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle fibers |
| Sarcomere | smallest functional unit of a myofibril |
| Sarcoplasm | semifluid cytoplasm of muscle cells |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | network of tubules and sacs that plays and important role in muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions |
| Semilunar valves | valves shaped like half moons that separate the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| Septum | and internal wall of connective tissue |
| Shock | inadequate tissue perfusion that results from the failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to sustain vital organ function |
| Stroke volume | the amount of blood ejected from a ventricle with each heartbeat |
| Sulcus | groove |
| Syncytium | unit of combined cells |
| Systole | contraction of the hear during which blood is propelled into the pulmonary artery and aorta |
| Tone | a term that may be used when referring to the normal state of balanced tension in body tissues |
| Venous return | amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation |
| Ventricle | either of the two lower chambers of the heart |
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