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BIOConc.II Exam I
Taxonomy and Cladistics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Phylogeny? | The evolutionary history of a taxon. |
| What is meant by systematics? | It refers to the analytical approach to figuring out phylogenies by using morphological and molecular characteristics. |
| What are morphological characters? | These are physical and behavioral traits. |
| How old is the fossil record? How are fossils formed? What can be inferred from them? | 10,000 yrs. Sediment, imprints, casting, mineral replacement, and organic remains. Behaviors can be inferred. |
| What is the difference between homologous and analogous traits? | Homologous traits can be traced back to a common ancestor and exist for the same reason. Analogous traits are those that are coincidentally similar, but have appeared through convergent evolution |
| What is convergent evolution? | This refers to traits analogous traits that have appeared do to shared selective pressure, not ancestry. |
| What are homoplasies? | These are molecular reversals of evolution caused by insertions and deletions and make accurately hypothesizing phylogenetics very difficult. |
| What system did Carl Linnaeus come up with? | The binomial nomenclature called system naturae used to name a species using the latin terms for the genus and species. |
| Why do we still use the old system over the new nomenclature system? | The new system was very complicated to use. |
| What is a clade? | A clade refers to a branching in a phylogenetic tree indicating the evolution of a species in a different path than another from its' ancestor. |
| What does it mean for a tree to be monophyletic? | A tree is monophyletic when all of the species shown belong together. |
| What does it mean for a tree to be polyphyletic? | A tree is said to be polyphyletic when the shown species share different ancestors. |
| What does it mean to be paraphyletic? | A tree is paraphyletic when an organism sharing a common ancestor is excluded from the tree. |
| What kind of characteristics she be chosen to analyze when building a phylogenetic tree? | Shared derived, not shared primitive. |
| What is meant by maximum parsimony? | This refers to the simplest explanation of evolution through the fewest changes, the fact that trees are only s hypothesis, and the repeated testing of trees using several characteristics. |
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MichaelaMH
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