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Chapter 9
Consilience
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| intractably | hard to control or deal with |
| cadres | a small group of people specially trained for a particular purpose or profession |
| Marxism | a method of socio-economic analysis and worldview based on a materialist interpretation of historical development, a dialectical view of social transformation, and an analysis of class-relations and conflict within society |
| Leninism | is the body of political theory for the democratic organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party, and the achievement of a direct-democracy dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the establishment of socialism |
| Social Darwinism | a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s, and which allegedly sought to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics |
| laissez-faire | an economic environment in which transactions between private parties are free from government restrictions, tariffs, and subsidies, with only enough regulations to protect property rights |
| capitalism | an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state |
| postmodernism | a late-20th-century style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure from modernism and has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship w/ any notion of art |
| relativism | the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute. |
| semiotic | a general philosophical theory of signs and symbols that deals especially with their function in both artificially constructed and natural languages and comprises syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics |
| appropriate | devote (money or assets) to a special purpose |
| efflux | the flowing out of a particular substance or particle |
| functionalism | belief in or stress on the practical application of a thing, in particular |
| historicism | the theory that social and cultural phenomena are determined by history |
| poststructuralism | an extension and critique of structuralism, esp. as used in critical textual analysis |
| structuralism | a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. |
| psychoanalytic | a system of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind |
| astral | of, connected with, or resembling the stars |
| gluon | a subatomic particle of a class that is thought to bind quarks together |
| banal | so lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring |
| paradox | a statement or proposition that, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory |
| folk psychology | the grasp of human nature by common sense (defined by Einstein) as everything learned to the age of eighteen |
| fundamentalism | a form of a religion, especially Islam or Protestant Christianity, that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture |
| precedent | an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances |
| nascent | (esp. of a process or organization) just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential |
| prima facie | based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise |
| cultural relativism | a principle by Franz Boas and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes." |
| multiculturalism | the doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single country |
| identity politics | holds that ethnics, women, and homosexuals possess subcultures deserving equal standing with those of the "majority," even if the doctrine demotes the idea of a unifying national culture |
| guise | an external form, appearance, or manner of presentation, typically concealing the true nature of something |
| biological anthropology | attempt to explain culture as ultimately a product of the genetic history of humanity, renewed each generation by the decisions of individuals influenced by that history |
| cultural anthropologist | descendents of Boas, that see culture as a higher-order phenomenon largely free of genetic history and diverging from one society to the next virtually without limit |
| schism | a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief |
| biologize | to make biological; to assimilate into a biological framework or context |
| essentialize | applying the view that, for any specific entity (such as an animal, a group of people, a physical object, a concept), there is a set of attributes which are necessary to its identity and function |
| contemporary sociology | the anthropology of complex societies, especially those to which sociologists themselves belong |
| anthropology | the sociology of simpler, more remote societies, those to which anthropologists do not belong |
| biophobic | fearful of biology and determined to avoid it |
| trope | a figurative or metaphorical use of a word or expression |
| Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) | the sovereign doctrine of 20th-century sociology that views culture as a complex system of symbols and meanings that mold individual minds and social institutions |
| antecedents | a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another |
| hermeneutic | word for natural history in the social sciences |
| epistemiology | the systematic theory of knowledge |
| tenuous | very weak or slight |
| implosion | a sudden inward collapse |
| conventional | based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed |
| intuit | understand or work out by instinct |
| Epigenesis | originally a biological concept, means the development of an organism under the joint influence of heredity and environment |
| Epigenetic rules | innate operations in the sensory systems and brain |
| awry | away from the appropriate, planned, or expected course; amiss |
| militate | (of a fact or circumstance) be a powerful or conclusive factor in preventing. "these fundamental differences will militate against the two communities coming together" |
| prudent | acting with or showing care and thought for the future |
| conjugal | of or relating to marriage or the relationship between husband and wife |
| microeconomics | purports to plot economic change in exact measures |
| purport | appear or claim to be or do something, esp. falsely; profess |
| fruition | the point at which a plan or project is realized |
| perturb | make (someone) anxious or unsettled |
| Newtonian | describes how economic theorists aspire to find simple, general laws that cover all possible economic arrangements |
| hermetic | sealed off from complexities of human behavior and the constraints imposed by the environment |
| the four things that scientists look for in a theory | parsimony, generality, consilience, and predictiveness |
| population genetics | addresses the frequencies and distributions of genes and other hereditary units within entire populations |
| Hardy-Weinberg principle | a law that helps to determine the frequency of alleles in a population given no natural selection, given genetic drift, and given an infinitely large population |
| genetic drift | the change in gene frequency from one generation to the next by chance |
| retrodicting | predicting the occurrence of past events before a search is made for traces of the events and reconstructions are performed |
| exogenous shocks | all the unaccountable events of history and environmental change that push the parameter values up and down |
| Ptolemaic | so structurally defective that a revolution in conception is needed |
| pre-emptive | serving or intended to preempt or forestall something, esp. to prevent attack by disabling the enemy |
| the generalizations of choice | epistatic, pre-emptive, based on interaction of hereditary and environmental factors, unselfish, group-dependent, and goes from category to category |
| propensity | an inclination or natural tendency to behave in a particular way |
| r-K continuum of reproductive strategies | describes the strategies that populations will adapt given different resources |
| r-strategy | low resource availability, high reproduction to ensure a few will survive (also population growth) |
| K-strategy | more resources so fewer offspring are made and given more (carrying capacity, too) |
| satisficing | a Scottish term that combines "satisfying" and "sufficing" and means taking the first satisfactory choice encountered out of those perceived and reasonably available in the short term, as opposed to visualizing the optimum choice in advance and searching |
| heuristic | rule of thumb |
| superordinate | a thing that represents a superior order or category within a system of classification |
| optimizer | mathematical optimization is the selection of a best element from some set of available alternatives |
| dogmatic | inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true |
| stochastic | randomly determined; having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely |
| Great Maelstrom Sea | a very powerful whirlpool; a large, swirling body of water |
| chastening | (of a reproof or misfortune) have a restraining or moderating effect on |
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