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Cell&TissueInjury
Stack #146128
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Viability of a cell is dependent on what 4 things | Ability to produce energy, manufacture essiental proteins, maintain its structural function, maintain genetic material |
| A steady state in the face of a constantly changing micro environmen, is termed | homeostasis |
| Except for ____________, each cell of the body c ontains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm, which is enveloped by a plasma membrane | mature red blood cell |
| DNA us housed where in cells | nucleus |
| In cells that divide, the DNA is condensed and recoginized as | chromosomes |
| In non dividing cells, DNA is finely dispersed throughout the nucleus as | chromatin |
| RNA may also be in the nucleus, what is its purpose | translation of genetic information into functinal protein products |
| What is the purpose of cytoplasm | It consist of filiments and tubules and assist with mainting cell structure and to allow for cell mobility |
| Power plants of cells | mitochondria |
| How does mitochondria produce energy | Takes oxygen and changes it to ATP, which produces cell energy |
| Function of Smooth ER | metobolizes drugs, homornes and synthesize steroid homrones. |
| Function of Rough ER | manufacturing protein for export from the cell |
| Function of Golgi apparatus | produing the building blocks of cellular membranes and "packaging" proteins for use within the cell or for export from the cell |
| Where golgi located | tubules from the nucleus up to the membrane surface |
| Function of lysosomes | digest, degrade, reccycle or expel from the cell unwanted materials |
| Where are lysosomes derived | golgi |
| Whay are cell membranes necessary | support, protection and communication/transport outside of cell |
| What is the plasma membrane made of | proteins, lipids and carbohydrates |
| The plasma membrane is a complex _________ membrane. | polar bilipid |
| 2 cell types | epithelials & mesenchymal |
| This type of cell covers the external and interanl surfaces of the body, including the inner linig of the vessels, ducts and small spaces | epithelial |
| This type of cells form the blood and connective tissue | mesenchymal |
| Which cell type contributes to the structural framework of organs | mesenchymal |
| 2 types of tissue types | parenchymal & stromal |
| Parenchymal tissues are comprised of what type of cell | epithelial |
| Stromal tissue makes up what part of an organ | architecture/structural framework |
| Stromal tisue is comprised of what kind of cells | mesenchymal |
| How is epithelium classified? 2 things | layers of deepness and shape of superficial cells |
| Another name for mesenchymal cells | supportive cells |
| What type of cells are more susceptible to enviornmental changes | specialized ie. neurons |
| Type of adaptation that is a decrease in the size or number of individual cells | atrophy |
| What does pathologic atropy result from | conditions that restrict oxygenation, nutrition or stimulation |
| What happens to mitochondria, ER, in atrophied cells? | They are decreased in number due to their catabolism |
| ______________ is when a cell gets a new steady state from a change. | adaptation |
| Are cellular adaptations all reversible? | yes |
| Cellular adaptation where there is an increase in the size of individual cells in response to functional demand. | hypertrophy |
| What type of cells are generally involoved in hypertrophy? | those not capable of mitotic division |
| What type of cells are not capable of mitotic division? | skeletal or cardiac |
| Generally, why do cells hypertrophy | in response to resistance |
| Adaptation: increase in the number of cells. | hyperplasia |
| What is hyperplasia in response to? | increased hormaonal or growth factor stiulation |
| What types of adaptation are designed to increase the functional capabilities of a tissue? | hypertorphy, and hyperplasia |
| Can hypertrophy and hyperplasia be seen together? | yes |
| What is aplasia and hypoplasia considered? Adaptations or developmental disorders | developmental disorders |
| A thyroid goiter is an example of what type of adaptation? | hyperplasia |
| On estrogen after menapause causing thin frail skin is an example of what type of cellular adaptations? | atrophy |
| Hypertrophy is generally caused by | too much nutrition |
| Hypertension is causing an enlarged heart is an example of what type of adaptation | hypertrophy |
| Hyperplasia occurs in what type of cells? | those that can regenerate |
| 2 examples of when hypertropny and hyperplasia occur similtanously | gravid uterus and prostate enlargement |
| Cellular adaptation of one mature cell type for another mature cell type | metaplasia |
| Irritation generally causes this type of cellular adapation | metaplasia |
| stratified epithelium replacing ciliated columnar epithelium in the lungs of smokers is an example of what type of cellular adaptation? | metaplasia |
| Cellular adaptation that is atypical or abnormal growht of cells that is usually induced by chronic irritation or stimulation | dysplasia |
| What type of adaptation is generally regarded as a potential precursor to malignant neoplasia | dysplasis |
| a permanent abnormal growth of cells | malignant neoplasia |
| The first morphologic change to occur after injuries that interfere with plasma membrane permeablility . | cellular swelling |
| Where is the nuculeus positioned with cellular swelling? | normally positioned |
| An exaggerated state of cellular swelling where segments of swolen ER apper in the cytoplasm as clear vacuoles. | Hydropic change |
| Where is the nucleous located in a cell with hydropic change | nucleus may be displaced to the periphery of the cell |
| __________refers t an absolute increse in lipids with in parenchyhmal cells. | fatty change (STEATOSIS) |
| Type of STATOSIS(fatty change) that is asymptomatic, process in chich adipose cells accumulate with in stromal connective tissue that lies between parenchymal cells. | Fatty ingrowth |
| What organs is fatty ingrotwth generally seen in? | pancrease and heart with age |
| What type of tissue does fatty ingrowth occur in? | stromal connective tissue |
| Atherosclerosis, lipid storage diseasesk alcoholic liver disease, obesity and DM represent diseases that generally have what type of cellular injury? | Fatty chang (STEATOSIS) |
| Cell injury related to carbohydrates is aka | glycogen infiltration |
| _________ involves an increase in intracellular glycogen due to abnormal glucose or glycogen metabolism. | Glycogen infiltration |
| Neoplasiis usually preceded by | hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia |
| hyperplasia precedes neoplasia in what type of CA | uterine |
| metaplasia preceds neoplasia in what type of CA | lung |
| Protein acculmations are used in conjunction with what work? Refering to the appearnce of protein | hyaline |
| Cell injury caused by excessive accumulation of exogenous pigments would include what type of pigments | carbon, iron, lead, silver |
| Accumulation of exogenous pigments would indicate what type of contamination | environmental |
| Endogenous accumulation of pigments would indicate ______________ | underlying disease of metabolic disorder |
| Common endogenous pigment that is aka brown atropny | lipofusion or lipochrome |
| Common endogenous pigment that in excess causes mole or freckles | melanin |
| Common endogenous pigmenet that when present represents excessive hemaglobin turnover and/or production | iron |
| This endogenous pigment that is a product of hemoglobin break down that does not contain iron | bilirubin |
| Major pigment of bile | bilirubin |
| What would be sign/symptom of client with excessive endogenous bilirubin | jaundice |
| Anthracosis is a from of exogenous pigment found where | in lungs of people in big cities from carbon production |
| What type of pigment excesses are more common? Endogenous or exogenous | endogenous |
| When will cell death occur | When sufficient biochemical disturbances cause permanent, irreparable damage to the cell |
| Two different forms of cell death | apoptosis and necrosis |
| 2 histologic indicators of cell death | cytoplasmic changes & nuclear changes |
| What cytoplamic changes are indicators of cell death | eosinophilia (redness) and homogenizationof cytoplasim |
| What causes eosinohilia in cell death | loss of RNHA and the brakedown of polysomes |
| Chromatin Condensation/nuclear change | pyknosis |
| chromatin fragmentation/nuclear change | karyorrhexis |
| nuclear dissolution/nuclear change | karyolysis |
| What nuclear changes ae definitive of cell death | pyknosis, karyorrhexis and karyolysis |
| form of cell death that is natural, energy dependant, active process and under strict regulatory control | apoptosis |
| example of apoptosis | embroynic development |
| Is there an immunologic activagtion with apoptosis? | no |
| Is there an inflammatory response with apoptosis? | no |
| Disease process in which apoptosis is out of control | polycyctic kidney, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases |
| Form of cell death iniated by overwhelming exogenous injury to the cell. | necrosis |
| Does necrosis elicit an inflammatory response? | yes |
| The pattern in which necrotic changes progress within a tissue depends On what 3 things? | type of injury, tissue involved and enbironment surroundg the dying cell |
| Type of necrosis that is most common and is due to inadequate oxygenation | coagulative necrosis |
| Type of necrosis in which nuclear material is usually lost and denaturation of structural proteins allows preervation of ghostlike cellular outlines | coagulative necrosis |
| Type of necrosis that usually refers to ischemic coagulative necrosis of skin and subcut tissues of extremeties. | dry gangrene |
| What color are tissues associated with dry gangrene | dark gree-black |
| With dry gangrene, is demarcation between tissues apparent? | yes |
| Type of gangrene that results from tissue hypoxia secondary to ischemia or venous congestion | wet gangrene |
| Type of gangrene, tissue is moist, dark and malodorus | wet gangrene |
| Gas gangrene is a variant of wet gangrene caused by what bacteria | clostridium |
| How would you differentiate between wet gangrene and gas gangrene | gas gangrene is crepitant to palpation |
| Type of necrosis: proteolytic digestion of dead cells is not delayed by enzyme denaturation. | liquefactive |
| Type of necrosis: characteristic of tissues injured by bacterial infections which attract large numbers of neutrophils, and creating an abcess | liquefactive |
| Type of necrosis: mostly found in the brain | liquefactive |
| Form of necrosis in which the preservation of uderlyig tissues outlines is lost and replaced by a granular, amorphous acellular substance which on gross examination resembles blue cheese | casous necrosis |
| Caseous necrosis characteristics | original tissue is replaced by a granular, amorphous, acellular substance. |
| What does caseous necrosis resemble? | blue cheese |
| What infectious diseases are generally encountered with caseous necrosis | mycobacteria & fungi |
| What form of chronic inflammation is common with caseous necrosis? | granulomatous inflammation |
| What disease is classic cfaseous necrosis | TB |
| Two types of fat necrosis | enzymatatic and traumatic |
| Type of necrosis seen when pancreatic lipase is released into fatty tissues and forms calcium soaps. | enzymatic fat necrosis |
| What does tissue with enzymaticf fat necrosis resmeble? | white chalky deposits |
| Type of fact necrosis produced by traumatic rupture of fat cells with subsequent phagocytosis of the lipid material by macrophages. | traumatic fat necrosis |
| Where is traumatic fat necrosis generally located | breast tissue |
| Type of necrosis characterized by smudgy, amorphous, eosinophilic material deposited in or around the walls of small blood vessels. | fibrinoid necrosis |
| Type of necrosis associated with immunologically related disease | fibrinoid necrosis |
| Characteristics of fibrinoid necrosis | smudgy, amorphous, eosinophilic material, deposited on walls of small blood vessels. |
| Two types of calcifications | dystrophic and metatastic |
| More common form of calcification | dystrophic |
| Type of calcification that re3fers to the deposition of calcium salts in necrotic tissue | dystrophic |
| What are calcium levels in relation to dystrophic calcification? | normal |
| Type of calcification where deposition of calcium in normal tissues | metastatic calcification |
| What are serum calcium levels when metastic calcificationis present? | high |
| Two types of metabolic injury | hypoxia/anoxia & free radical formation |
| When oxygenation deprivation continues what happens to the cell and why | cell is irreversibly damaged due to damage of the cell wall. |
| unstable and reactive molecules used to provoke inappropriate disulfide bonding of proteins, perioxidation of lipids and damage to DNA | free radicals |
| This results when sufficient outside force is applied to body tissues to disrupt their sturcture or funciton. | mechanical trauma |
| What determines the type of mechanical trauma | amount of force, rate of application and surface of tissues involved and type |
| Type of mecfhanical injury: loss of superficial cells as result of friction or crushing | abrasions |
| Type of mechanical trauma: disruption of blood vessels produced by blunt force | contunsions |
| Type of physical injury: tearing of tissue resulting from excessive stregching | lacerations |
| Type of mechanical trauma: cuts producd by a sharp instrument | incisions |
| Type of mechanical trauma: tearing away of body parts | avulsions |
| Type of mechanical trauma: piercing or penetration of tissue caused by a sharp object or instrument | puncture wounds |
| Temperature extremems/Physical injury occurs at ___below and ____ above body temp. | 15 below5 above |
| Severity of temperature extreme injury is related to | duration of exposure |
| How does ionizing radiation work: | ioizing radiation transfers energy throug intracellular water and forms free radicals that cause acute cell death. |
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